GIFT  OF 


CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION 

REFERENCES  TO  BOOKS  AND  MAGAZINE  ARTICLES 

Reprinted  from  the  Monthly  Bulletin,  July  1908 


PITTSBURGH 
CARNEGIE  LIBRARY 

1908 


Contents 

Page 

Bibliographies  and  indexes  -     5 

Flood  prediction     -  -     -    8 

Forest  influence  -  10 

Ice  and  its  effect     -  -     -  n 

Levees      -  -  12 

Reservoirs      -  -     -  15 

Sanitation  -          -          -  16 

American  river  floods     -  -     -  17 

Brazos  -          -17 

Colorado     -  _          _     _  17 

Conemaugh    -  _  I9 

Mississippi  -          -          -          -          _          _.2o 

Missouri  and  branches     -  -           -          -          -          -  28 

Ohio  and  branches      -  -          -          _          .     _  29 

Passaic  -          .                   .32 

Susquehanna         -  ~          ~          -     -  33 

Miscellaneous  -          -          _          -  34 

Eastern  United  States  -                                          -          -          -     .  34 

Western  United  States  -          -          -          .35 

Other  rivers     -  --'-._  36 

Foreign  river  floods     -  _  37 

British  .          _          .          _     _  37 

French  .          .          _          .          _  39 

German      -  ---_____  40 

Italian     -  ----.-..4! 

Miscellaneous       -  ----__  42 

General      -  ---_____  44 


248638 


Floods  and  Flood  Protection 

This  list  on  floods  has  been  compiled  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
Flood  Commission  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Pittsburgh,  to  form 
a  guide  to  the  printed  matter  available  on  the  subject.  It  covers 
practically  all  the  useful  material  in  this  Library  at  the  present  time. 
In  its  compilation  the  selection  has  been  restricted  closely  to  the  sub- 
ject indicated  by  the  title.  It  does  not  include  articles  on  dams,  reser- 
voir construction,  river  hydraulics,  river  improvements  for  purposes  of 
navigation,  land  reclamation  or  irrigation,  except  when  specific  refer- 
ence is  made  to  flood  abatement. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  spell  titles  uniformly,  but  the  spelling 
of  the  original  has  been  followed  in  each  case. 
The  following  abbreviations  have  been  used: 
diag.  diagrams, 
dr.       drawings, 
ed.      edition, 
ill.       illustrations, 
n.  s.     new  series, 
no.      number, 
p.        page  or  pages, 
pi.       plates, 
ser.     series, 
v.        volume, 
w.       words. 

The  work  of  compilation  and  proof  revision  has  been  done  by 
Mr  E.  H.  McClelland  of  the  Technology  department. 

HARRISON  W.  GRAVER, 
May  28,  1908  Technology  Librarian 


Bibliographies  and  Indexes 

The  indexes  grouped  here  contain  references  to  many  individual  streams  which  it  has 
been  impracticable  to  bring  out  separately  in  the  general  list. 

Connor,  William  D. 

Application  of  the  reservoir  system  to  the  improvement  of  the  Ohio 
river.    6,300  w.    1908.    (In  Engineering  news,  v.59,  p.62i.) 

"References,"  p.624. 

Floods  and  inundations.     400  w.     1903.     (In  Encyclopedia  Americana, 
v.7,  under  "Floods.") 

List  of  about  50  of  the  most  disastrous  floods,  A.  D.  684-1903. 

The  same  [A.  D.  684-1893].    1901.    (In  Chambers's  encyclopaedia,  new 
ed.,  v.4,  p.682.) 


6  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Hollister,  George  Buell,  &  Leighton,  Marshall  Ora. 

Passaic  flood  of  1902.  56  p.  n  diag.  15  pi.  1903.  (In  United 
States — Geological  survey.  Water-supply  and  irrigation  papers,  no. 88.) 

Index,  p-55-56. 

Serious  flood  in  northern  New  Jersey  in  February  and  March  1902.  Region  af- 
fected contains  approximately  one-third  of  the  population  of  the  entire  state. 

"This  investigation  into  the  most  disastrous  flood  ever  known  in  the  Passaic  valley 
is  of  timely  interest  to  all  classes  of  citizens  dwelling  on  lowlands  subject  to  floods." 
From  letter  of  transmitted. 

Hoyt,  John  C.  &  Wood,  B.  D. 

Index  to  the  hydrographic  progress  reports  of  the  United  States 
geological  survey,  1888  to  1903.  253  p.  1905.  (In  United  States— Geo- 
logical survey.  Water-supply  and  irrigation  papers,  no.  119.) 

Very  full  index  by  names  of  regions,  towns,  creeks  and  rivers.  The  information 
indexed  is  mainly  on  rainfall,  discharge,  gage  heights  and  water-power. 

Inundation.    1,500  w.     1903.     (In  New  international  encyclopaedia,  v.io, 
p.n6.) 

"Bibliography,"  p.n8. 

Nature  of  principal  sea  and  river  floods. 

McClure,  John,  comp. 

Analytical  and  topical  index  to  the  reports  of  the  chief  of  engineers 
and  officers  of  the  corps  of  engineers,  United  States  Army,  1866-1900. 
3v.  i, 788  p.  1903. 

Volumes  1-2  deal  with  river  and  harbor  works.  Alphabetical  arrangement  under 
name  of  stream  or  harbor;  fully  cross-indexed.  Gives  chronological  data  relating  to 
each  work,  usually  under  the  following  titles:  appropriations,  commerce,  contracts,  engi- 
neers, legislation,  obstructions,  operations,  physical  characteristics,  private  work,  projects 
and  surveys.  , 

Murphy,  Edward  Charles. 

Destructive  floods  in  the  United  States  in  1903.    81  p.    2  maps.    13  pi. 

1904.  (In  United  States — Geological  survey.    Water-supply  and  irriga- 
tion papers,  no.96.) 

Index,  p. 79-8 1. 

"The  year  1903  will  long  be  remembered  for  its  extreme  local  variations  from 
normal  climatic  conditions.  A  cloud  burst  at  Heppner,  Oreg...a  tornado  and  an  ex- 
cessive rainfall  at  Gainesville,  Ga...the  excessive  rainfall. .  .in  South  Carolina. .  .and 
tornadoes  and  excessive  rainfall  of  the  upper-central  Mississippi  valley  and  lower  Mis- 
souri valley. .  .resulted  in  the  destruction  of  much  property." 

Murphy,  Edward  Charles,  and  others. 

Destructive  floods  in  the  United  States  in  1904.    206  p.     19  dr.     18  pi. 

1905.  (In  United  States' — Geological  survey.    Water-supply  and  irriga- 
tion papers,  no. 147.) 

Index,  p.  195-206. 

"The  United  States  Geological  survey  has  carried  on  a  study  of  the  water  resources 
of  the  country  for  the  past  seventeen  years  and  there  is  now  available  for  the  use  of 
engineers  and  others  interested  a  large  mass  of  data  bearing  on  the  seasonal  flow  of  the 
principal  streams  of  the  country.  In  this  paper  that  part  of  these  data  which  bears  on 
the  maximum  rate  of  run-off  of  streams  is  brought  together  and  a  method  is  given  for 
the  determination  of  the  waterway  area  of  streams." 

Geographical  arrangement,  usually  considering  in  each  section:  precipitation,  gage 
height  and  discharge  of  rivers,  damage,  and  prevention  of  future  damage. 

Murphy,  Edward  Charles,  and  others. 

Destructive  floods  in  the  United  States  in  1905,  with  a  discussion 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  7 

Murphy,  Edward  Charles,  and  others — continued. 

of  flood  discharge  and  frequency  and  an  index  to  flood  literature.  105  p. 
15  maps  and  pi.  1906.  (In  United  States — Geological  survey.  Water- 
supply  and  irrigation  papers,  no. 162.) 

Index,  p.  103-105. 

"Index  to  flood  literature,"  p.88-ioi. 

"Few  lives  were  lost'and  the  damage  was  small  compared  with  that  of  some  previous 
years." 

The  "Index  to  flood  literature"  is  a  cross-reference  list  of  14  closely-printed  pages. 
Deals  only  with  floods  in  the  United  States  and  is  compiled  almost  wholly  from  reports 
of  United  States  engineers,  United  States  geological  survey,  and  Rafter's  "Hydrology  of 
the  state  of  New  York."  Floods  are  indexed  both  by  stream  and  by  principal  places  af- 
fected. Largely  concerned  with  flood  discharges. 

Nelson,  Knute,  and  others. 

Report  on  the  Mississippi  river  floods  by  the  committee  on  com- 
merce, United  States  Senate,  pursuant  to  Senate  resolution  no. 76,  55th 
congress,  ist  session.  522  p.  I  ill.  4  maps.  21  pi.  2  tables.  1898.  [pub- 
lished 1899.]  (In  United  States — 55th  congress,  3d  session.  Senate  re- 
port no. 1433,  v.2.) 

Index,  p.5i9~522. 

The  same,  condensed.    2,500  w.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.4i,  p. 50.) 
The  same,  condensed.    6,500  w.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.39,  p. 184.) 

Rafter,  George  W. 

Hydrology  of  the  state  of  New  York.  902  p.  74  dr.  5  maps.  45  pi. 
99  tables.  1904.  [published]  1905.  (In  New  York  (state) — Museum. 
Bulletin  no.85.) 

Index,  p.88s-902. 

"List  of  works  referred  to,"  p.875-883. 

Revision  of  "Water-supply  and  irrigation  papers,"  no. 24  and  25,  published  in  1899. 
Besides  his  connection  with  the  United  States  geological  survey,  the  author  has  con- 
ducted investigations  for  Board  of  Engineers  on  Deep  Waterways,  been  consulting  engi- 
neer to  the  Canal  Committee,  and  a  member  of  the  Water  Storage  Commission  of  New 
York.  Since  1900  he  has  been  in  general  practice  as  consulting  engineer  in  different 
states,  until  at  the  present  time  there  is  hardly  a  phase  of  power  development  or  water 
storage  that  has  not  at  some  time  or  other  been  before  him  for  consideration.  Condensed 
from  preface. 

Under  "Maximum  and  minimum  flow  of  streams,",  p. 422,  author  deals  with  cause, 
frequency,  prevention  and  prediction  of  floods.  Considers  separately  floods  in  most  of 
the  streams  of  the  state;  discusses  water-storage  projects,  etc. 

Rafter,  George  W. 

Water  resources  of  the  state  of  New  York,  pt.i-2.  200  p.  3  diag. 
4  maps.  25  pi.  1898.  [published]  1899.  (In  United  States — Geological 
survey.  Water-supply  and  irrigation  papers,  no. 24-25.) 

Index,  p.  199-200. 

Revision  published  as  "Hydrology  of  the  state  of  New  York." 

Russell,  Thomas. 

Floods.  4,500  w.  1893.  (In  Johnson's  universal  cyclopaedia,  v.3, 
p.42i.) 

"References,"  p.423. 

The  same,  1902.  (In  same,  new  ed.  [Universal  cyclopaedia  and  atlas], 
v.4,  P-393-) 

"References,"  p.395- 

Coastal  floods,  reservoir  floods,  river  floods,  run-off,  levees,  mode  of  occurrence  of 
high  water,  forests,  records  of  river-stages,  flood-wave  movement,  river-stage  predictions, 
rainfall  and  river  rise. 


8  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

United  States — Library  of  Congress. 

List  of  works  relating  to  de"ep  waterways  from  the  Great  lakes  to 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  with  some  other  related  works.  59  p.  1908. 

Includes  books  (with  alphabetical  arrangement  by  authors),  articles  in  periodicals 
(with  chronological  arrangement,  1887-1908),  congressional  documents  (with  chronologi- 
cal arrangement,  1808-1907).  The  references  to  books  and  documents  have  full  titles 
and  in  many  cases  tables  of  contents  or  explanatory  notes. 

A  few  of  the  articles  and  documents  deal  with  flood  abatement. 

United  States — Weather  bureau. 

Work  of  the  Weather  bureau  in  connection  with  the  rivers  of  the 
United  States.  io6p.  3  diag.  1896.  (In  United  States — Weather  bureau. 
Bulletin  no. 17.) 

"Contents,"  p.n. 

"Work...  is  to  facilitate  commerce.  .  .by  publishing  daily  information  as  to  water 
stages  along  the  course  of  each  river,  and  to  issue  timely  warnings  of  floods  so  as  to 
effect  the  saving  of  life  and  property."  Introduction. 

Value  of  the  service,  system  of  warnings,  tables  of  distances,  river  tributaries,  rate 
of  flood  movement,  and  notes  on  rivers  and  floods  in  various  sections. 

Walford,  Cornelius. 

Famines  of  the  world,  past  and  present.  103  p.  1878.  (In  Journal 
of  the  Statistical  Society  [London],  v.4i,  p-433.) 

Table  2  (p.45 1-468)  gives  a  chronological  list  with  considerable  information  on 
floods  from  the  deluge  to  A.  D.  1878. 

Wilson,  Herbert  M. 

Irrigation  in  India.  Ed.2.  238  p.  93  dr.  and  ill.  1903.  (In  United 
States — Geological  survey.  Water-supply  and  irrigation  papers,  no. 87.) 

Index,  p.227-238. 

"List  of  works  on  Indian  irrigation,"  p.25-28. 

Chapter  9,  p. 221,  deals  briefly  with  precautions  against  floods:  bank  protection  by 
means  of  earth  groins  and  by  planting  of  water-grass  to  retain  silt. 


Flood  prediction 

See  also  Foreign  river  floods  (French,  German) 

Allard,  E. 

Note  sur  la  prevision  des  crues.  57  p.  I  folding  pi.  1889.  (In  An- 
nales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  6,  v.i7,  p. 629.) 

The  same,  condensed  translation.  300  w.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.99,  p. 432.) 

Daily  prediction  of  river  heights  can  be  only  approximated  at  present,  but  will  doubt- 
less be  rendered  more  accurate  by  further  researches.  Several  tables  relate  to  flood 
prediction  in  the  Seine  valley. 

Babinet. 

Situation  actuelle  des  etudes  et  des  annonces  des  crues  dans  les 
principaux  bassins  frangais.  1,600  w.  1903.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et 
chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  8,  v.io,  p. 222.) 

Work  of  flood  prediction  was  established  in  France  about  1850.  Author  has  been 
connected  with  this  work  for  more  than  five  years. 

Breuille,  P. 

fitude  sur  la  prevision  des  crues  de  1'Yonne,  du  Serein  et  de  1'Ar- 
mangon.  29  p.  1896.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires, 
ser.  7,  v.i2,  p.  128.) 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  9 

Byers,  Charles  Alma. 

Our  flood-warning  service.  1,200  w.  1904.  (In  Scientific  American 
supplement,  v.57,  p. 23651.) 

Review  of  river  and  flood  service  of  United  States  weather  bureau,  in  regard  to  its 
growth,  its  plan  of  action  and  what  it  is  accomplishing. 

Frankenfield,  H.  C. 

Floods  and  flood  warnings.  3,500  w.  1902.  (In  United  States — De- 
partment of  agriculture.  Yearbook,  1901,  p. 477.) 

Harcourt,  Leveson  Francis  Vernon-. 

Prediction  of  floods;  and  protection  from  inundations.  24  p.  1896. 
(In  his  Rivers  and  canals,  v.i,  p. 148.) 

Holtz. 

Note  sur  1'annonce  des  crues  de  1'Elbe  en  Boheme.  2,800  w.  I  map. 
i  folding  pi.  1891.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  7, 

v.i,  p-477-) 

Discharge  of  tributaries  is  measured  and  method  of  prediction  explained. 

Hyatt,  R.  J. 

River  and  flood  service.  400  w.  1898.  (In  United  States — Weather 
bureau.  Bulletin  110.24,  p. 50.) 

Describes  work  of  United  States  weather  bureau. 

Mahan,  Fr.  &  Lemoine,  G. 

Sur  1'annonce  des  crues  de  1'Ohio.  2,500  w.  i  map.  1884.  (In  An- 
nales des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  6,  v.8,  p. 487.)  . 

Plan  for  flood  prediction  somewhat  similar  to  one  in  use  on  Seine.  Based  on  daily 
communication  with  Cincinnati  by  telegraph  from  principal  river  cities  and  by  mail  from 
less  important  points. 

Mazoyer. 

Note  sur  le  service  de  la  prevision  des  crues  dans  la  Loire  central. 
72  p.  4  diag.  2  folding  pi.  1890.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees, 
memoires,  ser. 6,  v.2O,  p. 441.) 

Graphic  representation  of  the  three  types  of  floods  met  with.  Explanation  of  two 
methods  of  prediction.  Many  tables. 

Outram,  T.  S. 

Warnings  of  washouts,  floods,  cold  waves,  and  heavy  snowfalls,  for 
the   benefit   of   transportation   companies.     900  w.      1898.      (In    United 
States — Weather  bureau.     Bulletin  no. 24,  p. 38.) 
Pindell,  L.  M. 

River  and  flood  service.    400  w.     1898.     (In  United  States — Weather 
bureau.     Bulletin  110.24,  p. 51.) 
Voisin. 

Memoire  sur  1'organisation  et  le  fonctionnement  du  service  hydro- 
metrique  et  d'annonce  des  crues  du  bassin  de  la  Liane.  37  p.  3  folding 
pi.  1888.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  6,  v.i5, 

P-464-) 

The  same,  condensed  translation.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.93,  p. 516.) 

"It  is  possible. .  .in  a  basin  of  small  extent,  by  means  of  careful  observations  of  the 
rainfall,  and  the  rise  of  the  river  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  valley,  to  predict  with 
adequate  correctness  the  rise  of  the  river  at  points  lower  down." 


io  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Forest  influence 

[Forest  preservation  and  flood  prevention.]  700  w.  1903.  (In  Engi- 
neering news,  v.49,  p. 324.) 

Editorial  stating  that  forests  do  not  increase  rainfall  and  that  they  exert  no  ap- 
preciable influence  on  flood  heights. 

See  Lippincott  for  criticism. 

Fox,  William  F. 

Why  our  forests  should  be  preserved  and  protected.  2,200  w.  I  ill. 
J897-  [published]  1898.  (In  New  York  (state) — Commissioners  of 
fisheries,  game  and  forests,  v.3,  p. 327.) 

Gives  briefly  the  various  arguments,  one  being  flood  prevention. 

Johnson,  Clarence  T. 

Effect  of  forests  on  floods  in  large  streams.  200  w.  1903.  (In  En- 
gineering news,  v.49,  p.369-) 

Letter  expressing  the  opinion  that  forests  have  slight  effect  on  floods,  and  main- 
taining the  impracticability  of  controlling  the  discharge  of  large  streams  by  means  of 
storage  reservoirs. 

Knowles,  Morris,  &  Lehman,  George  M. 

Report  of  delegates  of  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Pittsburgh  appear- 
ing before  House  committee  of  Congress,  relative  to  bill  for  acquiring 
natural  forests  in  southern  Appalachian  and  White  mountains.  1,750  w. 
1908. 

Briefly  the  bill  authorizes  the  secretary  of  agriculture  to  acquire  for  national  forest 
purposes  lands  valuable  for  their  regulation  of  stream  flow. 

Report  favors  passage  of  the  bill  and  discusses  various  phases  of  the  question. 

Leighton,  Marshall  Ora,  &  Horton,  A.  H. 

Relation  of  the  southern  Appalachian  mountains  to  inland  water 
navigation.  38  p.  1908.  (In  United  States — Forestry  bureau.  Circular 
no.i43.) 

In  connection  with  the  agricultural  appropriation  bill,  on  March  4,  1907,  Congress 
authorized  the  secretary  of  agriculture  to  examine  and  report  on  the  natural  condition  of 
watersheds  in  the  southern  Appalachian  and  the  White  mountains.  Because  of  its  identi- 
fication with  studies  of  stream  flow  and  its  facilities  for  stream  measurement,  arrange- 
ment was  made  with  the  United  States  geological  survey  for  a  study  of  the  water  re- 
sources of  the  southern  Appalachian  mountains.  This  report  is  the  result. 

Considers  rivers  which  drain  into  the  Atlantic  and  rivers  which  drain  into  the  Ohio. 

"In  conclusion,  the  figures  given  in  this  report  bear  out  the  statement.  .  .that  the 
proper  improvement  of  many  rivers  may  be  practically  and  thoroughly  accomplished  only 
by  the  use  of  storage  reservoirs  and  the  retention  of  the  forest  cover. .  .The  second  im- 
portant point  brought  out... is  that  conservation  of  stream  flow  depends  upon  the  con- 
dition of  the  drainage  area  and  that  to  insure  the  perpetuation  of  the  proper  conditions  it 
is  necessary  to  preserve  the  forests  and  keep  the  land  surfaces  intact." 

Lippincott,  J.  B. 

Effect  of  forests  on  flood  heights.  1,000  w.  2  diag.  1903.  (In  Engi- 
neering news,  v.49,  p.478.) 

Discussion  of  a  recent  editorial  on  "Forest  preservation."  Presents  data  to  show 
importance  of  forests  in  flood  prevention.  • 

Oswald,  Felix  L. 

Floods  and  their  causes.  2,000  w.  1889.  (In  Lippincott's  monthly 
magazine,  v.44,  p. 237.) 

Brief  description  of  conditions  in  many  parts  of  the  world.  Concludes  that  "the 
affliction  of  river-floods  in  their  chronic  and  infinitely  more  pernicious  form  is  caused 
almost  exclusively  by  the  disappearance  of  arboreal  vegetation,  and  especially  by  the 
destruction  of  the  land-protecting  highland  forests." 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  11 

Rafter,  George  W. 

Natural  and  artificial  forest  reservoirs  of  the  state  of  New  York. 
24,000  w.  6  ill.  i  map.  1897.  [published]  1898.  (In  New  York  (state) 
— Commissioners  of  fisheries,  game  and  forests,  v.3,  p. 372.) 

"Why  forests  conserve  stream  flow,"  p. 407. 
Has  slight  reference  to  flood  prevention. 

Roberts,  Thomas  Paschall. 

Is  the  destruction  of  forests  a  cause  for  the  increase  in  the  frequency 
and  height  of  floods?  7,000  w.  2  folding  pi.  Stables.  1884.  (In  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Engineers'  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  v.2,  p. 285.) 

The  same,  abstract.  600  w.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  v.79,  p.4O7.) 

Discussion,  3,500  w. 

Contains  criticism  of  a  treatise  by  Gustav  Ritter  von  Wex  on  "Decrease  of  water 
in  springs.  .  .contemporaneously  with  an  increase  in  height  of  floods."  Author  concludes 
that  destruction  of  forests  does  not  lead  to  increased  height  of  floods.  His  views  are 
supported  by  the  discussion.  Tables  show  rainfall,  river  stage,  and  flood  records,  both 
in  the  United  States  and  Germany. 

Rothrock,  Joseph  T. 

Pennsylvania  forests  and  what  is  necessary  to  their  restoration. 
7,000  w.  1901.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  Engineers'  Club  of  Philadelphia, 
v.i8,  p. 79.) 

Discussion,  3,000  w. 

"Unless  by  some  means  the  even  flow  of  water  in  our  streams  is  maintained,  our 
agricultural  interests  will  be  seriously  injured... Of  all  the  helpful  forces  which  we  can 
control  to  accomplish  this  there  is  nothing  so  potent  as  a  proper  proportion  of  forest 
land." 

T.,  A. 

Le  reboisement  des  montagnes.  2,000  w.  7  ill.  1903.  (In  Genie 
civil,  v.43,  p.337-) 

Means  of  dealing  with  mountain  torrents  in  France  by  artificial  barrages,  etc.  Em- 
phasizes importance  of  forest  preservation  and  restoration,  showing  how  this  work  is 
encouraged  by  the  government. 


Ice  and  its  effect 

See  also  American  river  floods  (Susquehanna;  Other  rivers,  Traill.) — Foreign  river 
floods  (Miscellaneous,  Ritter  von  Wex) 

Barnes,  Howard  T. 

Ice  formation,  with  special  reference  to  anchor-ice  and  frazil.  260  p. 
111.  1906. 

Considerable  information  on  ice-floods  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  See  index  under 
"Floods." 

Flood  damages  to  the  Hudson  river  passenger  bridge  and  station  of  the 
Delaware  &  Hudson  Ry.  at  Albany,  N.  Y.  900  w.  4  ill.  1900.  (In  En- 
gineering news, -v.43,  p. 132.) 

Bridge  under  construction.  Falsework  of  draw  span  was  partly  destroyed  by  ice 
jam,  in  spite  of  protection  by  a  system  of  fender  piles. 

Gorz,  M.  &  Buchheister,  M. 

Das  eisbrechwesen  im  Deutschen  reich.    248  p.    46  pi.     1900. 

Describes  first  the  formation  of  ice  on  rivers  and  canals,  reasons  for  removing  it, 
including  floods  and  breaking  of  dikes,  and  methods  used  in  various  parts  of  Germany 
before  ice-breaking  steamers  were  introduced.  The  construction  of  such  boats  and  their 


12  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Gorz,  M.  &  Buchheister,  M. — continued. 

accessories   is  then  considered.      Concludes  with  a   description  of  methods  and  cost  of 
breaking  ice  and  the  results  obtained.     Numerous  maps  and  drawings  of  ice-breakers. 

Henshaw,  George  H. 

Frazil  ice;  on  its  nature  and  the  prevention  of  its  action  in  causing 
floods.  2,800  w.  1887.  (In  Transactions  of  the  Canadian  Society  of 
Civil  Engineers,  v.i,  p.i.) 

Discussion,  6,400  w. 

"Author's  object  is  to... suggest  a  method  of  dealing  with  it,  so  as  to  prevent  its 
more  than  suspected  agency  in  producing  floods."  Recommends  straightening  of  chan- 
nels, clearing  away  of  boulders  and  other  elevations.  Endorses  the  idea  of  ice-breaking 
vessels  recommended  by  Government  Commission  on  Floods. 


Levees 

See  also  American  river  floods   (Colorado,  Mississippi) 

Bayley,  George  W.  R. 

Levees  as  a  system  for  reclaiming  lowlands.  16,000  w.  1875.  (In 
Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.5,  p. 115.) 

Land  reclamation  and  flood  control,  with  special  reference  to  the  Mississippi  river. 
"Its  flood  can  be  controlled  by  means  of  a  levee  system,  but  only  the  national  govern- 
ment is  able  to  perfect  and  maintain  such.  .  .Levees  can  be  relied  upon,  and  levees  alone 
can  be.  Cut-offs  should  be  prevented  wherever  possible.  ..  Reservoirs  are  impracticable 
. . .  As  to  the  diversion  of  tributaries,  it  would  be  useless  even  if  practicable." 

See  also  Forshey,  discussion,  p.2gg. 

Closing  a  crevasse  in  a  Louisiana  levee.     1,200  w.     1903.     (In  Engineer- 
ing news,  v.49,  p. 419.) 

From  New  Orleans  "Times-democrat."     ,         • 

Crevasse  of  Sunday,  April  5,  1903,  closed  by  the  following  Thursday. 

See  also  letter,  p. 454. 

Coppee,  H.  St.  L. 

Standard  levee  sections.  46  p.  106  dr.  2  ill.  1898.  (In  Transactions 
of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.39,  p. 191.) 

With  discussion  and  correspondence. 

Compares  practice  on  lower  Mississippi  with  foreign  practice  and  with  early  work  in 
America. 

Cory,  H.  T. 

Gravel  spreader  used  on  the  Colorado  river  levee  construction. 
i,ioow.  2  dr.  4  ill.  1907.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.58,  p. 25.) 

To  protect  newly  constructed  levees  against  erosion  by  high  velocity  of  water  and 
against  burrowing  by  animals  and  insects  it  was  decided  to  blanket  the  system  with 
a  cementing  gravel.  Distribution  of  the  gravel  is  described. 

Cost  of  riprap  paving,  brush  mattresses  and  brush  dikes  for  a  levee  pro- 
tection.    i,ooow. .  1907.     (In  Engineering-contracting,  v. 27,  p. 242.) 

Figures  on  construction  of  West  pass  levee,   Mississippi. 

Dumas,  A. 

Construction  des  digues  en  terre  par  la  methode  anglaise.  2,000  w. 
3  ill.  1899.  (In  Genie  civil,  v.36,  p. 71.) 

Comparison  with  French  construction. 

Forshey,  Caleb  G. 

Delta  of  the  Mississippi;  the  physics  of  the  river,  the  control  of  its 
floods  and  the  redemption  of  the  alluvion.  33  p.  1872.  (In  Proceed- 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  13 

Forshey,  Caleb  G. — continued. 

ings  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  v.2i, 

p.78.) 

Plea  for  a  better  system  of  levees.  Argues  that  the  problem  is  national  in  character 
and  cannot  be  solved  by  the  states  alone.  Includes  history  of  Mississippi  levees. 

Forshey,  Caleb  G. 

Levees  of  the  Mississippi  river.  9,000  w.  7  ill.  1874.  (In  Trans- 
actions of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.3,  p. 267.) 

From  a  paper  presented  May  22,  1873. 
History,  form,  dimensions  and  essentials. 

Forshey,  Caleb  G. 

On  levees.  9,000  w.  1876.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  So- 
ciety of  Civil  Engineers,  v.5,  p. 299.) 

Discussion  of  paper  by  Bayley,  dealing  mainly  with  the  Mississippi. 
Maintains  that  levees  tend  to  produce  enlargement  of  channel  capacity,  that  cut-offs 
have  been  too  numerous  and  should  be  abandoned  as  a  method  of  flood  control. 

Galliot. 

Le  corroyage  des  digues  en  terre.  6,500  w.  1902.  (In  Annales  des 
ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  8,  v.3,  p. 196.) 

Great  question  of  levees.     700  w.     1903.     (In  American  architect  and 
building  news,  v.8i,  p. 14.) 

From  New  Orleans  "Times-democrat." 

Favors  better  levees  on  lower  Mississippi.     Gives  statistics  of  crevasses. 

Hardy. 

fitude  sur  les  endiguements  de  la  Durance  dans  le  department  de 
Vaucluse  et  dans  la  commune  de  Pertuis  en  particulier.  8,000  w.  I  fold- 
ing pi.  1875.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  5, 
v.n,  p.5i8.) 

The  same,  condensed  translation.  800  w.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings 
of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.46,  p. 297.) 

First  combined  action  of  landowners  was  in  1808.  Expense  of  embankment  to  be 
borne  by  proprietors  of  adjacent  land,  aided  by  government  grant  of  one-third  of  the 
cost.  Work  still  in  progress  in  1875.  Construction  of  dikes  is  given. 

Helm,  Edwin  G. 

Levee  and  drainage  problem  of  the  American  bottoms.  26  p.  i  fold- 
ing pi.  1905.  (In  Journal  of  the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies, 
v-35,  P-9I-) 

Protection  from  overflow  by  the  Mississippi  in  that  part  of  the  valley  which  lies 
between  river  and  foot  of  bluffs  in  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties,  111. 

Kerr,  Frank  M. 

Levees,  with  special  reference  to  the  Red  river  system.  7,000  w.  1898. 
(In  Journal  of  the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies,  v.2i,  p. 295.) 

The  same,  abstract.    1,800  w.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.39,  p. 309.) 

Account  of  the  work  then  in  progress  and  its  aim. 

Levee  and  drainage  works  at  Memphis.    4,500  w.    7  dr.    2  ill.    1906.    (In 
Engineering  record,  v.53,  p.496.) 

System  for  protection  of  no  acres  near  business  section  from  backwater  during 
Mississippi  floods.  Describes  levees,  low-level  sewers,  and  pumping  station  for  storm 
water.  Gives  costs. 


14  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Levee  construction.     700  w.     1889.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.22,  p.44i.) 
Methods   adopted   by    Board   of   Mississippi    Levee    Commissioners   and   their   chief 
engineer. 

Levee  theory  on  the  Mississippi  river;  is  it  justified  by  experience? 
84  p.  5  diag.  1903.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers,  v.5i,  P-33I-) 

Informal  discussion  by  Messrs  B.  M.  Harrod,  L.  W.  Brown,  J.  A.  Ockerson,  L.  M. 
Haupt,  B.  F.  Thomas,  H.  B.  Richardson  and  T.  G.  Dabney. 

McMath,  Robert  E. 

Levees;  their  relation  to  river  physics.  4,500  w.  4  diag.  1884.  (In 
Journal  of  the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies,  v.3,  p. 43.) 

With  reference  to  the  Mississippi. 

"Levees  can  never  be  made  safe  as  a  protection  against  overflow  in  a  river  carrying 
large  quantities  of  silt.  The  physical  action  of  levees  has  also  been  seen  to  provoke  silt 
movement,  and  therefore  to  increase  the  very  evil  they  profess  to  guard  against." 

Mississippi  flood  and  the  levee  system.  1,200  w.  1903.  (In  Engineer- 
ing news,  v.49,  p.276.) 

Editorial  calling  attention  to  unintelligent  newspaper  criticism  of  levee  system.  Con- 
siders flood  of  1903  additional  proof  of  the  value  of  levees. 

Mississippi  levees  and  the  flood.  2,200  w.  1897.  (In  Railroad  gazette, 
v.29,  p. 619,  622.) 

Extracts  from  letter  of  Richardson.  Considers  percentage  of  levee  that  failed,  ef- 
ficiency of  levee  protection,  grades,  proper  cross-section,  settling  and  maintenance. 

Mount,  Mary  W. 

New  methods  for  closing  a  crevasse  in  a  Mississippi  river  levee: 
the  Live  Oak  crevasse,  Louisiana.  2,100  w.  5  ill.  1907.  (In  Engineer- 
ing news,  v.58,  p. 431.) 

Said  to  be  first  case  in  which  track  was  laid  on  bridge  work  across  break;  also  new 
methods  of  pile  bracing  and  sheeting.  Earth-filled  sugar  sacks  were  used  for  filling. 

Ozias,  C.  W. 

Construction  of  the  levee  below  the  recent  Colorado  river  break. 
1,700  w.  7  ill-  !QO7.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.57,  p. 545.) 

Author  is  assistant  engineer,  United  States  reclamation  service,  lent  to  California 
Development  Co.  to  assist  in  constructing  the  levee. 

Pharr,  Harry  N. 

St.  Francis  levee  districts  of  Arkansas  and  Missouri.  5,000  w. 
2  maps.  1902.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.47,  p. 24.) 

Favors  levee  system  for  flood  protection.  Admits  the  advantages  of  reservoir  sys- 
tems for  some  Western  rivers,  but  believes  that  for  the  Mississippi  they  would  be  im- 
practicable, as  also  would  channel  rectification,  water  diversion  and  outlet  methods. 

Rundall,  F.  H. 

[Disposal  of  flood  waters.]  400  w.  1880.  (In  Minutes  of  proceed- 
ings of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.8o,  p.  130.) 

In  a  discussion  on  "Weirs"  author  argues  that  embanking  of  rivers  does  not  cause 
rise  of  beds. 

Starling,  William. 

Levees  of  the  Mississippi  river.  12,300  w.  n  ill.  i  map.  1896.  (In 
Engineering  news,  v.35,  p.66,  77.) 

Describes  in  detail  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  levees,  the  nature  of 
crevasses  and  methods  of  repair. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  15 

State  levees  of  Louisiana.    1,200  w.    1898.     (In  Engineering  record,  ¥.38, 
P-353-) 

Editorial  on  extent  and  cost.     There  are   (1898)    1,194  miles  of  levee  in   Louisiana 
and  90  miles  in  Arkansas. 


Reservoirs 

See  also  American  river  floods  (Mississippi) 

Chittenden,  Hiram  M. 

Preliminary  examination  of  reservoir  sites  in  Wyoming  and  Colo- 
rado, no  p.  25  ill.  i  map.  10  folding  pi.  1897.  (In  United  States — 
55th  congress,  2d  session.  House  document  no. 141.) 

Index,  p.  105-110. 

The  same.     (In  United  States — Engineer  department.     Report,  1898, 

pt.4,  P-28I5.) 

Some  consideration  of  floods  in  the  United  States  and  abroad. 

Gros. 

Note  sur  1'insuffisance  des  reservoirs  pour  attenuer  le  danger  des 
inondations.  3,600  w.  1881.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  mem- 
oires,  ser.  6,  v.2,  p. 5.) 

The  same,  condensed  translation.  800  w.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.25, 
P-258.) 

The  same,  condensed  translation.    600  w.    (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 

the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.66,  p.4o8.) 

Investigations  in  valleys  of  Seine,  Rhone,  Loire,  Garonne  and  other  important  rivers 
led  to  decision  against  proposed  reservoir  systems,  owing  to  their  doubtful  efficacy. 
Reservoirs  on  tributaries,  by  retarding  of  floods  might  be  injurious.  Flood  reservoirs 
cannot  safely  be  used  for  irrigation,  canal  supply,  etc.,  as  they  should  be  kept  empty 
during  entire  flood  season.  Urges  abandonment  of  all  reservoirs. 

Harwood,  W.  S. 

Great  reservoir  system  of  the  upper  Mississippi.     4,000  w.     I  map. 

1897.     (In  Harper's  weekly,  v.4i,  pt.i,  p. 38.) 

Chief  benefit  is  said  to  be  prevention  of  floods  or  reduction  of  their  intensity. 
Others  are  irrigation;  more  uniform  water  distribution  for  power  purposes  and  naviga- 
tion; improvement  in  quality  of  domestic  water-supply  during  low  water. 

Pyle,  J.  G. 

Reservoir  system.  4,000  w.  3  dr.  I  map.  1884.  (In  Harper's  month- 
ly magazine,  v.69,  p.6i6.) 

Describes  system  already  begun,  which  contemplates  the  erection  of  five  dams  on 
the  upper  Mississippi  proper  and  others  on  its  upper  tributaries. 

Seddon,  James  A. 

Monograph. .  .on  reservoirs  and  their  effects  on  floods  of  Mississippi 
system.  31  p.  2  pi.  1898.  (In  United  States — Engineer  department. 
Report,  1898,  pt.4,  p.2887.) 

The  same.  (In  United  States — 55th  congress.  2d  session.  House 
document  141,  p. 73.) 

Forms  appendix  C  to  report  of  Chittenden.  A  careful  study  of  river  discharge, 
flood  stages,  etc.  for  the  six  years  1880-85.  Considers  separately  (i)  The  Mississippi 
and  its  tributaries  above  Cairo;  (2)  The  lower  Mississippi. 


16  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Seddon,  James  A. 

Reservoirs  and  the  control  of  the  lower  Mississippi.    62  p.    4  folding 
pi.     1900.     (In  Journal  of  the  Western  Society  of  Engineers,  v.5,  p. 259.) 

The  same,  abstract.     5,500  w.      I  map.      (In    Engineering   news,   v.44, 


p.293,  296.) 


Discussion. 

Proposes  the  construction  in  the  St.  Francis  basin  of  the  lower  Mississippi  (a  low- 
land tract  in  southeastern  Missouri  and  northeastern  Arkansas)  of  a  system  of  shallow 
reservoirs  into  which  flood  water  could  be  diverted,  to  be  turned  back  to  the  river  during 
low  water.  These  reservoirs  are  planned  to  cover  about  4,000  sq.  mi.  with  an  average 
depth  of  155^  ft.  Estimated  cost  $32,000,000. 

See  also  Townsend. 

Townsend,  Maj.  C.  McD. 

Reservoirs  and  the  control  of  the  lower  Mississippi.  6,400  w.  6  fold- 
ing pi.  1901.  (In  Journal  of  theWestern  Society  of  Engineers,  v.6,  p. 146.) 

Discussion  of  paper  by  Seddon  on  above  subject.  Agrees  with  many  of  the  views 
expressed,  but  questions  the  economy  of  reservoir  construction  as  contrasted  with  im- 
proved levee  system.  Final  remarks  by  Seddon  claim  for  reservoirs  an  advantage  in 
cost  of  maintenance  and  in  safety. 


Sanitation 

See  also  American  river  floods  (Ohio  and  branches,  Easton) 

Groff,  George  G. 

How  sickness  was  prevented  at  Johnstown.  2,600  w.  1890.  (In 
Chautauquan,  v.io,  p. 563.) 

Work  done  by  State  board  of  health,  of  which  author  is  a  member,  aids  to  state 
work  and  lessons  for  the  future. 

Pennsylvania — Health  board. 

Operations  of  the  Board  of  health  in  consequence  of  the  floods  at 
Johnstown  of  May  31,  1889.  134  p.  1891. 

Contents:     Johnstown  and  the  valleys  of  the  Conemaugh,   Kiskiminitas,   Allegheny 
and  Ohio. — West  branch  of  the  Susquehanna. — The  Susquehanna. — The  Juniata. 
Appendix  E  to  the  fifth  annual  report  of  the  State  board  of  health. 

Sanitary  precautions  after  floods.     600  w.     1883.     (In  American  archi- 
tect and  building  news,  v.13,  p. 297.) 

Sanitation  of  houses  in  France.  Instructions  from  Comite  consultatif  d'hygiene 
publique,  June  12,  1856,  and  from  Conseil  d'hygiene  publique,  etc.,  de  salubrite  du  De- 
partement  de  la  Seine,  Jan.  5,  1883. 

Soper,  George  A. 

Sanitary  cleaning  of  Galveston  after  the  great  storm  of  1900. 
i,8oow.  1901.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.45,  p. 301.) 

Extracts  from  report  to  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Gives  results  accom- 
plished and  suggestions  for  continuing  sanitation. 

Soper,  George  A. 

Sanitary  measures  to  be  adopted  after  floods.     2,600  w.     1902.     (In 

Scientific  American  supplement,  v.53,  p. 22118.) 

From  "American  journal  of  the  medical  sciences." 

Importance  of  precautions  in  regard  to  food  and  water-supply,  disinfectants,  refuse 
disposal,  cleaning  of  premises  and  repairing  of  damages. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  17 

American  river  floods 

See  also  Bibliographies  and  Indexes   (Murphy) 

Brazos 

Hutson,  William  Ferguson. 

Brazos  river  flood.    600  w.    6  ill.     I  map.    1899.     (In  Harper's  weekly, 

v.43,  pt.2,  p-750.) 

Texas  flood  of  June-July  1899,  "the  third  flood  of  importance  in  this  section." 

Texas  floods.     200  w.     1899.     (In  Chautauquan,  v.29,  p. 504.) 

Estimates  of  damage  in  Brazos  river  flood,  June-July  1899. 

Texas  floods.    400  w.     1899.     (In  Independent,  v.5i,  pt.2A,  p. 1852.) 

Brazos  river  flood,  June-July  1899. 

Colorado 

Break  of  the  Colorado  river  into  the  Imperial  valley  and  Salton  sink. 
3,500  w..    2  dr.     i  map.     1906.     (In  Engineering  news,  v. 55,  p. 216.) 

Attempt  to  tap  the  Colorado  by  an  irrigating  ditch  led  to  diversion  of  most  of  the 
river  and  inundation  of  the  Salton  sink  or  basin,  which  is  below  sea-level. 

Describes  also  attempts  at  checking  of  flow,  by  Southern  Pacific  Company. 

Byers,  Charles  Alma. 

Possibilities  of  Salton  sea.  2,800  w.  19  ill.  i  map.  1907.  (In  Popu- 
lar science  monthly,  v.7o,  p. 5.) 

Some  probable  consequences  of  failure  to  restore  river  to  old  channel.  Agrees 
however  that  value  of  the  land  and  its  products  far  outweighs  the  possible  benefits  of 
such  an  inland  lake.  Reviews  the  first  six  attempts  at  closure,  none  of  which  was 
successful. 

Closing  latest  break  of  the  Colorado  river  into  the  Salton  sea.     800  w. 
loill.     i  map.     1907.     (In  Railroad  gazette,  v.42,  p. 217.) 

Crevasse  caused  by  water  undermining  the  levee  previously  constructed. 

Colorado   river  crevasse   and   Salton    sea;   the   great  work   of  control. 
2,000  w.    2  maps.     1906.     (In  Railway  age,  v.42,  p. 547.) 

Outlines  six  attempted  methods  of  control. 

Controlling  the  Colorado  river  and  Salton  sea.    2,000  w.    6  ill.    3  maps. 

1906.  (In  Scientific  American,  v.iO9,  n.  s.  v.95,  p. 467.) 
Cory,  H.  T. 

Closing  the  break  of  the  Colorado  river  into  the  Salton  sink,  south- 
ern California.  5,500  w.  3  maps.  1906.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.s6, 
p.67i.) 

Describes  briefly  the  six  attempts,  the  last  of  which  was  then  thought  to  be  success- 
ful. Gives  statistical  summary  of  the  work.  Author  is  general  manager  and  chief 
engineer  of  the  California  Development  Co. 

Cory,  H.  T. 

Closing  the  new  break  in  the  Colorado  river.    3,200  w.    6  ill.    2  maps. 

1907.  (In  Engineering  record,  v.55,  p. 293.) 
Cory,  H.  T. 

Colorado  river  crevasse  and  Salton  sea.  2,600  w.  i  diag.  5  ill.  5  maps. 
(In  Railway  age,  v.43,  P-953-) 

Deals  largely  with  effect  on  Southern  Pacific  lines  and  work  of  this  railway  com- 
pany in  controlling  the  river. 


i8  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Davis,  Arthur  P. 

New  inland  sea.  4,500  w.  Sill.  I  map.  1907.  (In  National  geo- 
graphic magazine,  v.i8,  p. 37.) 

Describes  break  of  the  Colorado  river  into  Salton  sea,  and  attempts  to  regain  con- 
trol of  the  river. 

Day,  Allen. 

Inundation  of  the  Salton  basin  by  the  Colorado  river,  and  how  it 
was  caused.  i,6oow.  9  ill.  I  map.  1906.  (In  Scientific  American, 
v.ioS,  n.  s.  v.94,  p.3io.) 

Grunsky,  C.  E. 

Lower  Colorado  river  and  the  Salton  basin.  51  p.  18  ill.  6  maps. 
(In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.59,  p.i.) 

Discussion,  up. 

History,  topography  and  improvements  of  the  region;  the  crevasse  and  its  attempted 
repair. 

Grunsky,  C.  E. 

Lower  Colorado  river  during  and  after  the  freshet  stage  of  1907. 
i,6oow.  i  map.  1908.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.59,  p.4io.) 

Foot-note  gives  a  list  of  papers  in  former  issues  of  the  "Engineering  news"  on  the 
Colorado  river  break. 

James,  George  Wharton. 

Overflow  of  the  Colorado  river  and  the  Salton  sea.  i,8oow.  2  dr. 
9  ill.  1906.  (In  Scientific  American,  v.ioS,  n.  s.  v.94,  p. 328.) 

Destructive  work  of  the  flood  and  remedial  measures. 

Notes  on  closing  the  break  in  the  Colorado  river.     2,800  w.     7  ill.     i  map. 
1907.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.57,  p. 210,  216.) 

Ockerson,  J.  A. 

Diversion  of  the  Colorado  river  into  the  Salton  sink  and  the  efforts 
made  to  restore  it  to  its  former  channel.  3,600  w.  9  ill.  2  maps.  1907. 
(In  Journal  of  the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies,  v.38,  p. 261.) 

Rockwood,  C.  R.  [&]  Ellison,  C.  H. 

Colorado  river  crevasse;  Salton  sea;  Southern  Pacific  tracks.  5,000  w. 
i  diag.  2  maps.  1906.  (In  Railway  age,  v.4i,  P-42O.) 

Causes  of  flood  and  results  of  efforts  to  check  it.  New  line  construction  with  in- 
creased mileage  necessitated  on  Southern  Pacific. 

Schuyler,  James  D. 

Reinforced  concrete  and  steel  headgates  for  the  Imperial  canal,  Col- 
orado river.  900  w.  3  ill.  1906.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.56,  p.675.) 

Massive  construction  having  large  capacity. 

See  on  this  page  telegraphic  correspondence  of  President  Roosevelt  and  E.  H.  Har- 
riman  relative  to  closing  of  break.  500  w. 

Story  of  Salton  sea.     5,000  w.     3  maps.     1907.     (In  Builder,  v.93,  p. 211, 
237.) 

Washington,  W.  D.  H. 

Colorado  river  closure.  3,000  w.  16  ill.  i  map.  1907.  (In  Scientific 
American,  v.no,  n.  s.  v.96,  p. 374.) 

Causes  and  effects  of  break,  and  attempted  methods  of  repair. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  19 

Conemaugh 

See  also  Sanitation  . 

Beale,  David  J. 

Through  the  Johnstown  flood,  by  a  survivor.    424  p.    32  ill.     1890. 
Connelly,  Frank,  &  Jenks,  George  C. 

Official  history  of  the  Johnstown  flood.    252  p.    18  ill.     1889. 
Ferris,  George  T. 

Complete  history  of  the  Johnstown  and  Conemaugh  valley  flood, 
embracing  also  a  history  of  the  floods  in  Williamsport,  Lock  Haven, 
Sunbury  and  all  the  flooded  districts  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  also 
in  Washington,  D.  C.,  New  York,  Maryland,  Virginia  and  West  Vir- 
ginia. 522  p.  48  ill.  1889. 
Flagg.J.  F. 

Velocity  of  flow  in  the  South  Fork  spillway.  400  w.  1889.  (In  En- 
gineering news,  v.22,  p. 41.) 

Letter,  with  editorial  comment. 

Francis,  James  B.  and  others. 

Report  of  committee  on  the  cause  of  the  failure  of  the  South  Fork 
dam.  19,500  w.  ii  ill.  7  folding  pi.  1890.  (In  Transactions  of  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.24,  p.43i.) 

With  discussion. 

General  discussion  of  the  discharge  of  streams.    5,000  w.     I  map.     1902. 
(In  Proceedings  of  the  Engineers'  Club  of  Philadelphia,  v.19,  p.2O5.) 

Floods  and  flood  protection,  considering  rivers  in  Pennsylvania  only.  Map  shows 
South  Fork  dam  and  Johnstown  region. 

Jennings,  William  N. 

Through  the  Conemaugh  valley;  a  series  of  photographs  showing 
the  destructive  effect  of  the  flood  of  May  31,  1889,  along  the  line  of  the 
Pennsylvania  railroad;  printed  from  original  negatives.  21  pi.  1889. 

Photographs  of  Johnstown  flood,  with  blue  print  of  the  region  showing  location  of 
the  views. 

Johnson,  Willis  Fletcher. 

History  of  the  Johnstown  flood.,  .with  full  accounts  also  of  the  de- 
struction on  the  Susquehanna  and  Juniata  rivers  and  the  Bald  Eagle 
creek.  459  p.  111.  1889. 

Johnstown   disaster.     3,000  w.     i  ill.      i  map.      1889.      (In    Engineering 
news,  v.2i,  p. 517.) 

Describes  the  region,  the  construction  of  the  South  Fork  dam  on  the  Conemaugh 
river  and  the  results  of  its  failure. 

Johnstown  disaster.    2,000  w.    1889.     (In  Engineering  news,  v. 21,  p. 527.) 
Editorial  on  causes  and  responsibility  for  the  disaster. 

Johnstown  flood;  effect  on  the  engines  at  Conemaugh.  .  1,400  w.    i  diag. 
1889.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.22,  p. 153.) 

Describes  and  illustrates  the  position  in  which  32  locomotives  were  left  by  the  flood. 
Some  of  them  were  carried  almost  a  mile. 

McLaurin,  J.  J. 

Story  of  Johnstown;  its  early  settlement,  rise  and  progress,  indus- 
trial growth  and  appalling  flood  on  May  3ist,  1889.  380  p.  19  ill.  1890. 


20  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Pennsylvania — Governor.     (J.  A.  Beaver.) 

Message  to  the  General  assembly,  Jan.  6,  1891.    8  p.    1891. 

Deals  with*  Johnstown  flood  and  work  of  the  State  board  of  health. 

Appendix,  up.  1889.  Contains  preliminary  report  of  the  secretary  of  the  State 
board  of  health  on  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  flooded  regions  in  Cambria,  Westmore- 
land, Indiana,  Allegheny  and  Beaver  counties. 

Richards,  J.  W. 

The  flood  at  Johnstown.  400  w.  1889.  (In' Engineering  news,  v.22, 
P-40.) 

Letter  in  which  writer  claims  that  the  time  in  which  the  flood  reached  Johnstown 
was  nearly  an  hour,  instead  of  20  minutes,  as  previously  stated  in  "Engineering  news." 

Rivers  at  Johnstown,  Pa.     i,ooow.     1891.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.25, 
p.6i4.) 

Advance  information  from  a  report  by  J.  J.  R.  Croes  on  flood  dangers  and  pre- 
ventive measures.  Recommends  widening  and  deepening  of  channel. 

South  Fork  dam  and  Johnstown  disaster.    3,200  w.    5  diag.    6  ill.     1889. 
(In  Engineering  news,  v.2i,  p. 54°.) 

Deals  with  location  of  dam,  its  structure  and  failure. 

See  also  editorial,  p-sso. 

South  Forks  dam.    3,200  w.     1889.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.2i,  p.55i-) 

Construction. 

Work  of  the  flood  at  Johnstown.     3,600  w.     7  ill.     1889.     (In  Engineer- 
ing news,  v.2i,  p. 569.) 


Mississippi 

See  also   Bibliographies  and  indexes   (Nelson  and  others). — Levees. — Reservoirs 

Abbott,  Frederic  Vaughan. 

Annual  report  upon  construction  of  reservoirs  at  head  waters  of 
Mississippi  river,  improvement  of  Mississippi  river  from  St.  Paul  to 
Minneapolis,  of  rivers  in  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota  tributary  to  Missis- 
sippi river  and  of  Red  river  of  the  North,  gauging  Mississippi  river  at 
St.  Paul.  32  p.  i  map.  I  pi.  1898.  (In  United  States — Engineer  de- 
partment. Report,  1898,  pt.3,  p. 1809.) 

Ballou,  William  Hosea. 

Floods;  their  history  and  relations.  i,ooow.  1885.  (In  American 
naturalist,  v.i9,  p. 1159.) 

Places  cause  of  Mississippi  floods  in  the  Ohio  valley. 

"Congress  will  find  it  cheaper  to  purchase  the  land  sources  of  the  Ohio  and  its 
confluents,  plant  them  with  forests  and  wall  them,  than  to  plaster  broken  levees." 

Bank  protection  on  the  Mississippi  river.    1,300  w.    3  ill.    1889.     (In  En- 
gineering news,  v.22,  p. 558.) 

Work  at  Greenville,  Miss.  Submerged  dikes,  formed  from  cribs  of  willows,  wire 
and  stone. 

Bayley,  G.  W.  R. 

Overflow  of  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi.  7,000  w.  1852.  (In  De 
Bow's  review  of  the  Southern  and  Western  states,  v.13,  n.  s.  v.i,  p.i66.) 

Review  of  report  by  Charles  Ellet,  calling  it  "the  best  paper  yet  published  [1852] 
upon  the  subject." 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  21 

Bowman,  Isaiah. 

Deflection  of  the  Mississippi.  2,200  w.  3  diag.  1904.  (In  Science, 
v.43,  n.  s.  v.2O,  p. 273.) 

Study  of  effect  of  earth's  rotation.  Surveys  and  measurements  in  the  flood-plain 
of  the  Vicksburg  region. 

Bridges,  Lyman. 

Overflow  of  the  Mississippi  river.  12,000  w.  I  ill.  I  folding  map. 
1882.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers, 
v.n,  p.25i.) 

With  discussion. 

Recommends  relief  channel  or  "cut-off"  from  Red  river  to  Atchafalaya  bay. 

Brown,  Linus  W. 

Increasing  elevation  of  floods  in  the  lower  Mississippi  river.  i6p. 
1901.  (In  Journal  of  the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies,  v.26, 

P-345-) 

Discussion,  40  p. 

The  same,  condensed.    4,000  w.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.45,  p. 280.) 

From  paper  before  Louisiana  Engineering  Society,  March  u,  1901. 

Author  has  had  an  acquaintance  of  21  years  with  the  Mississippi  and  its  problems 
and  has  been  for  15  years  directly  connected,  officially  and  otherwise,  with  levee  work 
on  the  lower  river. 

Arguments  relative  to  increasing  floods,  cause  and  remedy,  considering  the  river 
from  Cairo  to  the  Gulf.  Elevation  of  great  floods  is  increased  not  by  reason  of  greater 
volume  but  by  (i)  construction  of  levees  on  lines  not  calculated  to  maintain  a  constant 
cross-section  of  the  river;  (2)  changing  of  river-bed  and  moving  back  of  levees  around 
bends,  thus  increasing  distance  to  ocean-level  and  decreasing  slope;  (3)  formation  of 
accretions  on  bottom  and  sides  of  channel  at  bends,  without  corresponding  abrasion  on 
concave  side. 

Considers  levees  absolutely  necessary,  but  construction  must  be  on  more  intelligent 
lines  and  aided  by  other  equally  important  work,  reservoirs,  etc. 

See  also  Hardee,  for  discussion. 

Brown,  Linus  W. 

Protection  of  cities  in  the  Mississippi  valley  against  the  encroach- 
ment of  the  river.  3,000  w.  1901.  (In.  Engineering  news,  v.45,  P-427-) 

Deals  mainly  with  methods  of  shore  protection. 

Brown,  Robert  Marshall. 

Protection  of  the  alluvial  basin  of  the  Mississippi.  4,000  w.  3  diag. 
2  maps.  1906.  (In  Popular  science  monthly,  v.69,  p. 248.) 

Compiled  largely  from  reports  of  the  Mississippi  River  Commission.  Discusses  ne- 
cessity for  protection,  the  levee  system  and  its  increasing  efficiency. 

Convention  of  the  Interstate  Mississippi  River  Improvement  and  Levee 
Association  at  New  Orleans.  3,ioow.  1903.  (In  Engineering  news, 
v.50,  P-43S-) 

Convention  Oct.  28,  1903.     Resolutions  reprinted  from  New  Orleans  "Picayune." 
Claim  that  bed  of  Mississippi  is  not  rising;  condemn  all  "reservoir"  and  "outlet" 
schemes,  considering  the  flood  of  1903  a  vindication  of  levee  system.     Recommend  na- 
tional control  of  Mississippi  works. 

Coppee,  H.  St.  L. 

Bank  revetment  on  the  Mississippi  river.  18  p.  18  ill.  1896.  (In 
Engineering  magazine,  v.n,  p. 486.) 


22  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Curtis,  David  A. 

Mississippi  river  problem.  4,000  w.  1882.  (In  Harper's  monthly 
magazine,  v.6s,  p. 608.) 

Popular  article  on  necessity  of  artificial  protection  from  floods.  Mentions  proposed 
methods. 

Dabney,  A.  L. 

The  high  water  fight.  400  w.  13  ill.  1897.  (In  Harper's  weekly, 
v.4i,  pt.i,  p47i,  472.) 

Work  during  flood  of  March  1897.     Methods  well  illustrated. 

Dabney,  T.  G. 

The  recent  Mississippi  river  floods  and  their  relation  to  the  levees. 
2,100  w.  1903.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.5O,  p. 27.) 

From  manuscript  report,  on  high  water  of  1903,  to  Mississippi  River  Commission. 
Expresses  confidence  in  levee  system.     Considers  the  most  vulnerable  feature  to  be 
the  instability  of  the  foundation  in  many  places. 

Dickson,  Harris. 

Fight  for  the  levees.  i,8oow.  5  ill.  1903.  (In  Harper's  weekly, 
v.47,  pt.i,  p.58o.) 

Graphic  account  of  floods  on  lower  Mississippi. 

Dutton,  Chauncey  N.  &  Coppee,  H.  St.  L. 

More  of  the  Mississippi  problem.     5,000  w.     1892.     (In  Engineering 
r      magazine,  v.3,  p.623.) 

Leading  author  considers  levees  indispensable;  second  author  compares  conditions 
with  those  on  the  Yellow  river  and  the  Po. 

East  St.  Louis  and  the  floods.  300  w.  1883.  (In  Engineering  news, 
v.io,  p.313-) 

Advocates  protection  by  raising  the  existing  dike  and  the  railroad  embankments. 

Ellet,  Charles,  jr. 

Of  the  physical  geography  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  with  sugges- 
tions for  the  improvement  of  the  navigation  of  the  Ohio  and  other 
rivers.  26,000  w.  1849.  (In  Smithsonian  Institution.  Contributions 
to  knowledge,  v.2,  art. 4.  [110.13].) 

From  ten  years'  daily  gage  readings  at  Wheeling,  author  concludes  that  by  use  of 
reservoirs  a  six-foot  stage  during  entire  year  may  be  secured  and  that  floods  would  be 
restrained. 

Forshey,  Caleb  G. 

^  Cut-offs  on  the  Mississippi  river;  their  effect  on  the  channel  above 

and  below.  2,800  w.  1876.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers,  v.5,  p. 317.) 

Retracts  his  former  arguments  in  favor  of  Racourci  "cut-off"  and  opposes  all  "cut- 
offs" as  injurious. 

Fullerton,  Aubrey. 

Completing  of  the  Mississippi.  2,000  w.  4  ill.  1906.  (In  World  to- 
day, v.io,  p. 494.) 

Describes  various  improvements,  including  reservoirs,  which,  it  is  claimed,  "prevent 
floods,  except  in  their  own  immediate  vicinity,  and  when  they  cannot  fully  prevent  they 
reduce  them." 

Government  protective  works  on  the  Mississippi  river,  at  Plum  Point 
and  at  Memphis,  Tenn.  800  w.  4  ill.  1889.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.22, 
P-386.) 

Illustrates  bank  revetment  with  willow  mattresses,  ballasted  with  stone. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  23 

Greenleaf,  James  L. 

Hydrology  of  the  Mississippi.  i8p.  3  diag.  i  map.  1896.  (In 
American  journal  of  science,  v.i52,  ser.  4,  v.2,  p. 29.) 

Graphic  and  tabular  data  on  rainfall,  flow  and  times  of  high  and  low  water  in 
Mississippi  and  tributaries. 

Greenleaf,  James  L. 

Times  and  causes  of  Western  floods.  3,200  w.  I  map.  1897.  (In 
Engineering  magazine,  v.i2,  p. 949-) 

Mississippi  system.  Rainfall  and  discharge  data  of  principal  watersheds,  and  chrono- 
logical table  of  floods  and  low  water  for  Mississippi  tributaries  are  features. 

Hardee,  William  Joseph. 

Are  flood  heights  increasing  in  the  lower  Mississippi  river?  6,000  w. 
1901.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.45,  p.37&) 

From  paper  before  Louisiana  Engineering  Society,  May  13,  1901,  in  discussion  of 
paper  by  Brown.  Claims  that  Mr  Brown's  statements  were  based  on  insufficient  data. 
Argues  that  carrying  capacity  of  channel  has  not  been  reduced,  that  levee  system  is  a 
success  and  will  eventually  prove  the  means  of  increasing  carrying  capacity  of  river, 
and  that  floods  will  pass  at  lower  level  than  formerly. 

Hardee,  William  Joseph. 

High-water  protection  methods  on  lower  Mississippi  river.  9,000  w. 
1900.  (In  Journal  of  the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies,  v.25, 
P.85.) 

Six  separate  agencies  are  now  (1900)  more  or  less  active  in  levee  construction. 
Author  urges  concentrated  and  systematic  action.  Believes  that  "  a  system  for  economi- 
cally and  efficiently  preserving  the  levee  line  during  flood  can  be  devised." 

Harris,  L.  O. 

Battle  for  the  delta.  2,000  w.  4  ill.  1903.  (In  Independent,  v.55, 
pt.2,  p.1135-) 

Flood  in  spring  of  i9O3(?). 

"Writer  here  presents  not  only  an  impressive  and  graphic  study  of  the  manner 
in  which  the  population  met  the  danger,  but  also  outlines  the  trend  of  an  already 
strong  sentiment  which  is  felt  in  three  states  and  urgently  demands  consideration  by  the 
federal  government."  Editorial  note. 

Harrod,  B.  M. 

Mississippi  flood  of  1890.  1,200  w.  3  diag.  1890.  (In  Engineering 
news,  v.23,  p.3i5-) 

From  New  Orleans  "Times-democrat."  Author  is  a  member  of  the  Mississippi 
River  Commission,  and  defends  the  levee-building  policy  of  the  commissioners,  believing 
that  the  experience  of  the  past  eight  years  has  been  very  encouraging. 

Haupt,  Herman. 

Problem  of  the  Mississippi.  3,800  w.  1899.  (In  Journal  of  the 
Franklin  Institute,  v.147,  p. 297.) 

Considers  reservoirs  impracticable;  objects  to  levees  alone  as  tending  to  increase 
flood  heights,  and  to  outlets  alone  as  diverting  too  much  water  during  low  stages. 
Favors  a  waste  weir  system,  inoperative  at  ordinary  levels,  but  allowing  flood  surplus  to 
escape  to  Gulf  by  Atchafalaya  and  other  streams. 

Haupt,  Lewis  M. 

Controlling  the  floods  of  the  Mississippi  river.  5,000  w.  3  ill.  3  maps. 
1903.  (In  Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  v.is6,  p.24i;  v.i57,  p. 387.) 

Gives  data  from  observation  and  experiment.  Points  out  defects  of  levee  system. 
Concludes  that  the  problem  requires:  reservoirs  on  the  tributaries,  especially  of  the 
western  sections;  reforestation  of  arid  regions;  levees  with  readjusted  alignment  and 
weirs  to  be  connected  with  large  reservoirs  in  swamps;  removal  of  bars  and  opening  of 
all  possible  outlets  at  delta. 

See  also  Meerten,  for  discussion. 


24  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Haupt,  Lewis  M. 

Mississippi  problem.  900  w.  1892.  (In  Engineering  magazine,  v.3, 
p.6i5.) 

Discussion  of  paper  by  "Southern  engineer." 

Does  not  object  to  outlet  plan,  but  favors  levees  also,  and  reservoirs  on  lower  river. 

Haupt,  Lewis  M. 

Mississippi  river  problem.  25  p.  I  map.  1904.  (In  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society,  v.43,  p. 71.) 

Comments  on  failure  of  the  engineering  profession  to  consider  control  of  sediment 
as  well  as  control  of  water.  Instead  of  parallel  jetties  at  river  mouth  "it  will  be  found 
more  rational  to  build  one  curved  training  wall  so  placed  as  to  create  a  head  and  reaction 
which  will  transport  the  silt  to  the  opposite  or  convex  bank,  where  it  will  be  deposited 
. .  .leaving  an  ample  navigable  channel  and  saving  the  expense  of  one  of  the  jetties,  while 
it  also  scours  away  the  bar. .  .and  affords  an  open  passage  for  the  effluent  water." 

Howard,  D.  S. 

Overflow  of  the  Mississippi  river.  2,300  w.  1871-72.  (In  Journal  of 
the  Franklin  Institute,  v.92,  ser.  3,  v.62,  p. 253;  v.94,  ser.  3,  v.64,  p. 334.) 

Arguments  in  favor  of  reservoirs  in  contrast  with  levee  system. 

Johnson,  J.  B. 

Great  floods  on  the  lower  Mississippi,  as  illustrated  in  the  flood  of 
1882.  3,200  w.  i  diag.  i  map.  1883.  (In  Journal  of  the  Association  of 
Engineering  Societies,  v.2,  p. 115.) 

Sources  of  floods;  general  action  of  a  large  flood  below  Cairo;  the  flood  of  1882. 

Johnson,  J.  B. 

Protection  of  the  lower  Mississippi  valley  from  overflow.  7,000  w. 
1884.  (In  Journal  of  the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies,  v.3,  p.  169.) 

The  same,  condensed.  5,500  w.  1890.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.23, 
P-364-) 

Paper  before  Engineers'  Club  of  St.  Louis. 

Discusses  various  systems,  favoring  levees  high  and  strong  enough  to  contain  ordi- 
nary floods,  with  waste  weirs  through  which  the  surplus,  waters  of  great  floods  may 
escape  without  damaging  the  levees. 

Jones,  W.  A. 

Annual  report  upon  construction  of  reservoirs  at  head  waters  of 
Mississippi  river,  improvement  of  rivers  in  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota 
tributary  to  Mississippi  river,  and  of  Red  river  of  the  North,  Minnesota 
and  North  Dakota;  gauging  Mississippi  river  at  St.  Paul.  39  p.  1897. 
(In  United  States — Engineer  department.  Report,  1897,  pt-3,  p. 2137.) 

Includes  operation  and  care  of  reservoirs  at  head  waters  of  Mississippi  river,  giving 
some  figures  of  cost  of  construction  and  maintenance. 

"The  purpose  of  the  reservoirs  is  to  collect  the  surplus  water.  .  .to  be  systematically 
released  so  as  to  benefit  navigation  upon  the  Mississippi. ..  Reduction  of  heights  of 
floods  in  localities  immediately  below  the  dams  is  expected  to  obtain  to  some  extent,  but 
control  of  extended  floods  or  freshets  is  not  expected." 

Kellogg,  D.  O. 

Mississippi  floods.  1,500  w.  1883.  (In  The  American  [Philadel- 
phia], v.6,  p.297.) 

Discussion  of  article  by  Shaler  on  "Floods  of  the  Mississippi  valley."  Claims  that 
breaking  up  and  cultivation  of  prairie  land  acts  as  a  valuable  flood  preventive  by  allow- 
ing rain  to  sink  into  ground.  Thinks  that  with  proper  control  of  the  Ohio,  the  flood 
problem  of  the  Mississippi  will  be  largely  solved. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  25 

Leach,  Smith  S. 

Mississippi  problem.    3,000  w.    1888.     (In  Science,  v.n,  p.S/.) 
Discusses  merits  of  revetment  and  anti-revetment  theories  of  protection. 

Lower   Mississippi  river.     2,000  w.     I  diag.     4  ill.     2  maps.     1899.     (In 
United  States — Geological  survey.     Annual  report,  v.2O,  pt.4,  p. 347.) 
Discussion  of  levee  system  and  the  origin  and  control  of  floods. 

Meerten,  H.  van. 

Controlling  the  floods  of  the  Mississippi.  3,500  w.  1904.  (In  Jour- 
nal of  the  Franklin  Institute,  v.157,  p. 381 ;  v.158,  p. 310.) 

Letters  discussing  paper  by  Haupt  on  "Controlling  the  floods  of  the  Mississippi 
river." 

Agrees  with  many  of  the  statements,  but  opposes  plan  of  creating  and  maintaining 
outlets,  and  advocates  application  of  principles  successfully  used  in  Holland.  Commends 
the  Eads  system,  which  aimed  at  having  "only  one  ample  outlet  for  the  great  river, 
exactly  as  it  is  aimed  by  the  Waterstaat  for  the  Rhine  and  other  great  rivers."  Com- 
mends also  the  Waterstaat  idea  of  insisting  on  creation  and  maintenance  of  a  distinct 
summer-,  winter-  and  flood-bed.  Thinks  the  same  principles  will  apply  to  the  Mississippi 
as.  to  the  Rhine;  "the  works  only  have  to  be  undertaken  upon  a  relatively  larger  scale." 

Meerten,  H.  van. 

The  Mississippi;  controlling  floods,  navigation  improvements. 
6,500  w.  3  ill.  1905.  (In  Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  v.159,  p. 423.) 

Final  contribution  to  discussion  of  paper  by  Haupt. 

[Miller,  A.  M.] 

The  Mississippi  river  improvements.  600  w.  1883.  (In  Engineering 
news,  v.io,  p-357-) 

At  Memphis  reach  and  harbor  and  the  Ouachita  river,  Ark.  Mississippi  flood  record 
for  a  year  is  given. 

Milner,  B.  C.  jr. 

Floods  along  the  Southern  railway.  i,6oow.  4  ill.  1897.  (In  Rail- 
road gazette,  v.29,  p. 507.) 

Mississippi  flood.     i,6oow.     19  ill.     1897.     (In   Harper's  weekly,  v.4i, 
pt.i,  p.40i.) 

Flood  of  March  1897.  Statistics  of  damage  by  this  and  previous  floods  and  cost  of 
protective  measures. 

Mississippi  floods.    600  w.     1883.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.io,  p. 313.) 

"The  present  is  the  eighth  great  flood  in  the  Mississippi  of  which  we  have  authentic 
account." 

Gives  briefly  the  extent  of  each.  Accepts  the  theory  that  the  Mississippi  is  gradu- 
ally filling  up,  and  in  course  of  time  will  find  another  channel. 

Mississippi  floods.    600  w.    1897.    (In  Public  opinion,  v.22,  p. 392.) 

Newspaper  editorials. 

Mississippi  river  flood.    4  p.     i  map.    April  22,  1897.     (In  United  States 
— Department  of  agriculture.    Miscellaneous  circular  no. 3.) 

Second  report  relative  to  extension  of  flood  in  lower  Mississippi  valley.  First  report 
appeared  April  12,  1897. 

Morrill,  Park. 

Floods  of  Mississippi  river.  1897.  79  p.  3  ill.  51  maps.  9  pi.  (In 
United  States — Weather  bureau.  Bulletin  E.  [publication]  143.) 

The  same.  (In  United  States — Weather  bureau.  Report,  1896-97, 
P-369-) 


. 


26  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

New   Orleans   and   Mississippi   flood.      i,ooow.      1897.      (In    Scribner's 
magazine,  v.2i,  p. 788.) 

Editorial  on  flood  and  its  proof  of  the  inefficiency  of  present  levee  system. 
Criticizes  unintelligent  forest  policy. 

Ockerson,  J.  A. 

Atchafalaya  river;  some  of  its  peculiar  physical  characteristics. 
3,500  w.  3  ill.  3  folding  pi.  1906.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.s8,  p.i.) 

A  stream  "widest  at  its  source  and  deepest  in  places  of  excessive  width."  At  high 
water  serves  as  an  outlet  for  about  one-fourth  of  the  flood  volume  of  the  Mississippi. 

This  paper  presents,  in  condensed  form,  the  results  of  recent  surveys,  and  brings 
to  view  features  and  characteristics  of  the  stream  that  have  heretofore  received  little 
notice.  Considers  levees  and  their  effect. 

Ockerson,  J.  A. 

Improvement  of  the  lower  Mississippi  river.  7,000  w.  3  ill.  i  map. 
1901.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  International  Engineering  Congress, 
Glasgow,  sec.  2,  p. 68.) 

The  same,  abstract.    2,000  w.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.46,  p.i86.) 

Discussion. 

Outlines  work  of  Mississippi  River  Commission,  of  which  author  is  a  member.  De- 
scribes revetment  and  contraction  work  and  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  levees. 

Parr,  James  F. 

Floods  and  flood  protection  works  at  East  St.  Louis,  111.  2,500  w. 
2  maps.  1904.  (In  Engineering  news,  Y.SI,  p.n8,  179.) 

Suggests  several  methods  of  protection;  one  a  flood  relief  canal  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Missouri  river  to  the  Mississippi  20  miles  below  East  St.  Louis.  Favors,  however, 
levee  protection,  with  flood-gates  at  the  outlets  of  creeks  and  pumping  plants  to  be  used 
during  high  water. 

See  also  Taylor,  W.  D. 

[Powell,  John  W.] 

Prevention  of  floods  in  the  lower  Mississippi.  2,500  w.  1888.  (In 
Science,  v.i2,  p.85.) 

Probable  effects  of  storage  reservoirs. 

Shaler,  Nathaniel  Southgate. 

Floods  of  the  Mississippi  valley.  2,400  w.  1883.  (In  Atlantic 
monthly,  v.5i,  p. 653.) 

Favors  control  by  reservoirs  and  thinks  that  great  relief  would  be  afforded  by 
"1,000  reservoirs,  averaging  50  acres  in  surface,  with  a  mean  depth  of  ten  feet." 

See  also  Kellogg. 

"Southern  engineer." 

Geology  and  the  Mississippi  problem.  2,500  w.  4  diag.  1893.  (In 
Engineering  magazine,  v.4,  p. 536.) 

"There  is  but  one  treatment  for  the  Mississippi  which  will  be  at  once  scientific  and 
sensible,  and  this  will  be  found  in  giving  it  a  channel  as  nearly  straight  as  possible 
from  Cairo  to  the  Gulf." 

"Southern  engineer." 

Impending  disaster  on  the  Mississippi.  2,700  w.  1892.  (In  Engi- 
neering magazine,  v.3,  p. 387.) 

Discusses  danger  from  the  levee  system  and  advocates  cutting  additional  channels 
on  the  lower  river. 

Starling,  William. 

Floods  of  the  Mississippi  river.  900  w.  1894.  (In  Engineering  news, 
v.3i,  p.3i8.) 

Abstract  from  paper  before  Engineering  congress  in  Chicago.     Gives  proportionate 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  27 

Starling,  William — continued. 

water-supply  from  the  Missouri,  the  Ohio  and  the  upper  Mississippi  valleys,  and  describes 

features  of  the  usual  Mississippi  flood. 

Starling,  William. 

Floods  of  the  Mississippi  river.  14,000  w.  4  diag.  4  ill.  3  maps. 
1897.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.37,  p. 242,  259.) 

By  chief  engineer  Mississippi   levee  district,  Greenville,  Miss. 

Starling,  William. 

Floods  of  the  Mississippi  river,  including  an  account  of  their  princi- 
pal causes  and  effects  and  a  description  of  the  levee  system  and  other 
means  proposed  and  tried  for  the  control  of  the  river,  with  a  particular 
account  of  the  great  flood  of  1897.  57  p.  5  diag.  4  dr.  27  ill.  5  maps. 

Reprint  of  three  papers  which  appeared  under  various  titles  in  "Engineering  news," 
1896-97- 

Starling,  William. 

Improvement  of  the  South  pass  of  the  Mississippi  river.  8,200  w. 
3  ill.  i  map.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.44,  p. 121.) 

Considers  the  mouths  of  the  river,  effect  of  scour,  attempts  at  dredging,  and  con- 
struction of  jetties. 

Starling,  William. 

Mississippi  flood  of  1897.  10,200  w.  Sill.  I  map.  1897.  (In  Engi- 
neering news,  v.38,  p. 2.) 

Source  of  this  flood  was  mainly  the  Ohio  and  its  branches. 

Considers  the  mouths  of  the  river,  effect  of  scour,  attempts  at  dredging,  and  con- 
breaking  and  repairing  of  levees.  Solutions  discussed  are  storage  reservoirs,  shortening- 
channel  by  "cut-offs,"  artificial  outlets,  and  the  levee  system.  Favors  the  last  and 
criticizes  the  idea  that  confining  a  river  by  levees  tends  to  raise  the  bed  by  deposition 
of  silt. 

Starling,  William. 

Mississippi  problem  up  to  date.  5,000  w.  3  diag.  1892.  (In  Engi- 
neering magazine,  v.4,  p. 247.) 

Schemes  for  improvement  of  Mississippi  must  recognize  the  fact  that  it  is  pre- 
eminently a  silt-bearing  stream.  Discusses  feasibility  and  probable  effect  of  the  various 
proposed  methods. 

Starling,  William. 

On  flood  heights  in  the  Mississippi  river,  with  special  reference  to 
the  reach  between  Helena  and  Vicksburg.  17,000  w.  6  folding  pi.  1889. 
(In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.2O, 
P.I95-) 

Based  largely  upon  measurements  of  Mississippi  River  Commission  in  1882  and 
1884-85. 

Starling,  William. 

Projected  improvement  of  the  Southwest  pass.  12,000  w.  5  ill. 
2  maps.  1900.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.44,  p. 222.) 

Describes  present  (1900)  condition  of  the  pass,  giving  many  typical  cross  sections. 
Considers  prevailing  winds,  shore  currents,  "mud  lumps,"  wave  action  and  other  factors 
affecting  the  work.  Describes  the  project  for  dredging  and  the  proposed  plans  for  mat- 
tress and  jetty  construction. 


28  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Stein,  Albert. 

Mississippi  river  and  its  levees,  etc.  2,000  w.  1851.  (In  De  Bow's 
review  of  the  Southern  and  Western  states,  v.n,  n.  s.  v.4,  p. 574.) 

Criticism  of  committee  report  in  favor  of  outlets,  by  S.  Van  Wickle,  chairman,  on 
behalf  of  the  Senate  of  Louisiana,  published  in  supplement  of  "New  Orleans  bee," 
April  13,  1850.  Mr  Stein  admits  efficacy  of  outlets  for  flood  prevention  but  considers 
improvement  of  navigation  the  most  urgent  necessity,  and  to  secure  this  he  recommends 
abandonment  of  outlets  and  regulation  of  the  passes  to  induce  scour. 

Taylor,  Robert  S. 

How  to  improve  the  Mississippi.  lop.  1884.  (In  North  American 
review,  v.138,  p. 284.) 

Outlines  plan  of  federal  government  for  channel  improvement  and  levee  construc- 
tion. Argues  that  artificial  embankments  necessary  for  channel  improvement  should  be 
provided  by  national  government,  those  for  overflow  protection  by  the  communities 
interested. 

Taylor,  Robert  S. 

Subjugation  of  the  Mississippi.  12  p.  1883.  (In  North  American 
review,  v.136,  p. 212.) 

Organization  and  functions  of  the  Mississippi  River  Commission,  with  discussion  of 
the  problems  to  be  solved. 

Taylor,  W.  D. 

Relation  of  snow  to  the  June  rises  of  the  Mississippi  river.     900  w. 

1904.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.5i,  p. 179.) 

Letter  commenting  on  paper  by  Parr.  Claims  that  melting  snow  has  very  little  part 
in  production  of  floods.  Followed  by  editorial  expressing  a  different  opinion. 

United  States — Mississippi  river  commission. 
Reports,  1881-1883.    3v.    111.     [1882] -84. 

The  same,  i88o-date.  (In  United  States — Engineer  department.  An- 
nual report  of  the  chief  of  engineers,  i88i-date.) 

Report  of  1880  is  a  preliminary  report.  Two  reports  were  issued  in  1881,  in  Jan- 
uary and  November.  Supplemental  reports  were  issued  in  1885-88. 

Chiefly  concerned  with  engineering  operations,  but  considers  floods  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  some  of  its  tributaries. 

Walker,  Norman. 

Mississippi  floods.  2,000  w.  13  ill.  1897.  (In  Harper's  weekly,  v.4i, 
pt.i,  p.405,  408,  422.) 

Presents  importance  of  the  Mississippi  problem,  urging  definite  action.  Describes 
present  (1897)  conditions. 


Missouri  and  branches 
Byers,  Charles  Alma. 

Kansas  river  flood.  i,8oow.  1904.  (In  Scientific  American  sup- 
plement, v.57,  p.23502.) 

"An  examination  has  shown  that  more  than  ninety  per  cent  of  the  damage  done  to 
farm  lands  was  directly  connected  with  sharp  curves  in  the  river  channel."  Recent  flood 
tended  to  straighten  course  by  forming  new  channels. 

Devine,  Edward  T. 

Two  disasters  and  the  work  of  relief.  i,8oow.  4  ill.  1903.  (In 
Charities,  v.n,  p. 9.) 

Kansas  City  and  Heppner. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  29 

Fox,  S.  Waters. 

Technical  methods  of  river  improvement  as  developed  on  the  lower 
Missouri  river  by  the   general   government  from   1876  to    1903.     46  p. 
r    19  ill.    3  folding  pi.     1905.     (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of 
'     Civil  Engineers,  v.54,  pt.7,  p. 280.) 
Discussion,  20  p.     9  ill. 

Valuable  paper,  chiefly  on  methods  of  bank  protection.  Considers  briefly  the  usual 
April  and  June  floods. 

Kansas  City  flood  in  retrospect.    900  w.    1903.    (In  Charities,  v.n,  p. 574.) 

Emergency  relief  work,  June  1903. 

Struggle  of  the   Chicago   &  Alton  against  the   encroachments   of  the 
Missouri  river.   2,000  w.   4  ill.    I  map.    1907.    (In  Railway  age,  v.43,  p. 112.) 
From  notes  furnished  by  office  of  chief  engineer,  Chicago  &  Alton  railroad.     Dike 
construction  is  favored  rather  than  revetment. 

Waddell,  J.  A.  L. 

-    Kansas  City  flow-line  bridge  repairs.     5,400  w.     6  ill.     1903.     (In  En- 
gineering news,  v.5O,  p. 397-) 

The  same,  with  introductory  notes.  1905.  (In  Principal  professional 
papers  of  Dr  J.  A.  L.  Waddell;  ed.  by  Harrington,  p. 915.) 

Gives  also  some  details  of  the  flood  of  May  31,  1903. 

Waddell,  [J.  A.  L.]  &  Hedrick. 

Engineering  aspects  of  the  Kansas  floods.  2,500  w.  3  ill.  i  map. 
1903.  (In  Engineering  record,  v.48,  p. 300.) 

Location  and  brief  description  of  the  17  bridges  destroyed. 

[Waddell,  J.  A.  L.  &  Hedrick.] 

Kansas  City  flood  of  1903.  2,300  w.  Sill.  I  map.  1903.  (In  Engi- 
neering news,  v.5O,  p. 233.) 

Statement  of  the  results  of  the  flood  and  the  main  features  of  engineering  interest 
in  connection  therewith.  The  city  water-main  was  carried  on  one  of  the  bridges  of 
which  a  span  of  185  feet  was  demolished.  As  a  result  the  city  was  for  12  days  without 
water,  street-car  service,  gas  lights  and  electric  lights. 

Willey,  Day  Allen. 

Protecting  a  railroad  from  flood  currents.  1,200  w.  6  ill.  1902.  (In 
Scientific  American,  v.ioi,  n.  s.  v.87,  p. 361.) 

Ballasted  mattress  revetment  for  protection  of  Chicago  &  Alton  tracks  along  banks 
of  the  Missouri  river.  Permanent  protection  at  low  cost. 


Ohio  and  branches 

See  also  Flood  prediction  (Mahan  &  Lemoine) 

Allegheny  river.     500  w.     1899.     (In  United  States — Geological  survey. 
Water-supply  and  irrigation  papers,  no. 36,  p. 158.) 

Data  on  watershed  and  tributaries,  flood  heights,  etc.,  by  George  M.   Lehman  and 
others. 

Brunot,  Felix  R. 

Improvement  of  the  Ohio  river.     23  p.     9  dr.     1874.     (In  Journal  of 
the  Franklin  Institute,  v.97,  ser.  3,  v.67,  p. 305.) 

The  same,  separate. 

Agrees  with  Mr  W.  Milnor  Roberts  that  in  any  system  of  river  improvement  reser- 


30  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Brunot,  Felix  R. — continued. 

voirs  may  be  useful  adjuncts,  but  thinks  that  in  the  case  of  the  Ohio  the  scheme  is 
impracticable  by  reason  of  the  lack  of  sites,  size  of  stream,  extraordinary  floods,  and 
rapid  flow  of  tributaries.  Largely  a  discussion  of  report  by  United  States  engineers 
G.  Weitzel  and  W.  E.  Merrill.  This  report  describes  13  proposed  methods  for  improv- 
ing navigation. 

Connor,  William  D. 

Application  of  the  reservoir  system  to  the  improvement  of  the  Ohio 
river.  6,300  w.  1908.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.59,  p. 621.) 

"References,"  p. 624. 

Criticism  of  reservoir  project,  with  special  reference  to  paper  of  Leighton,  p.498. 
Considers  fully  the  disadvantages  under  cost,  danger,  time  of  completion,  and  durability. 
Concludes  that  the  reservoir  system  "is  impracticable  from  even  a  moderately  conserva- 
tive point  of  view  for  flood  protection.  It  is  a  physical  impossibility  for  it  to  produce 
the  constant  9-ft.  channel  required  in  the  Ohio,  and  the  figures  on  the  income  from  its 
water  power  are.  .  .extravagant  in  the  extreme." 

Difficulty  of  preventing  the  Ohio  floods.     1,200  w.     1884.     (In  Science, 

v-3,  P-385-) 

From  letter  by  William  E.  Merrill  in  "Cincinnati  commercial  gazette." 
Disapproves  of  reservoirs  on  account  of  expense  and  danger.  Foresees  no  injury 
from  the  clearing  of  level  land  but  admits  the  probability  of  disastrous  effects  from  the 
deforestation  and  cultivation  of  hill  and  mountain  sides.  Tries  to  discourage  efforts  at 
flood  prevention  and  advocates  flood-proof  construction  of  buildings  in  flood-threatened 
regions. 

Easton,  Christopher. 

Flood  in  Pittsburg.  i,2OOw.  1907.  (In  Charities  and  the  Com- 
mons, v.i7,  p. 1115.) 

Flood  of  March  1907. 

Losses,  and  measures  for  relief  and  sanitation. 

Haupt,  Herman. 

Consideration  of  the  plans  proposed  for  the  improvement  of  the 
Ohio  river.  54  p.  1855. 

Discusses  scheme  of  Ellet  for  reservoir  system,  recognizing  its  merits  but  consider- 
ing a  slackwater  scheme  more  sure  and  efficient. 

Horton,  A.  H. 

Effect  of  the  conservation  of  flow  in  the  Ohio  basin  on  floods  in 
the  lower  Mississippi.  3,600  w.  1908.  (In  Engineering  news,  v. 59,  p.63i.) 

Points  out  that  floods  in  the  lower  Mississippi  originate  chiefly  in  the  Ohio,  and 
concludes  that  "with  the  Ohio  controlled  by  a  reservoir  system,  the  floods  of  the  lower 
Mississippi  would  be  reduced  to  such  stages  as  would  cause  little  or  no  apprehension." 

Lehman,  George  M. 

[Examination  of  Youghiogheny  river  between  West  Newton  and.  .  . 
McKeesport]  i,8oow.  1899.  (In  United  States — Engineer  depart- 
ment. Report,  1900,  pt.5,  p. 3288.) 

Survey  to  obtain  information  bearing  on  slackwater  project.  Mentions  early  locks 
and  dams  on  the  Youghiogheny  and  the  effect  of  floods. 

Lehman,  George  M. 

[Survey  of  Allegheny  river  from  Oil  City  to  Tarentum,  Pa.]  28  p. 
2  pi.  1898.  (In  United  States — 55th  congress,  3d  session.  House  docu- 
ment no.72,  p. 10.) 

In  report  of  Maj.  Charles  F.  Powell. 

Lehman,  George  M. 

[Survey  of  West  Fork  river,  West  Virginia.]  up.  1899.  (In 
United  States — Engineer  department.  Report,  1900,  pt.5,  p. 3272.) 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  31 

Leighton,  Marshall  Ora. 

[Application  of  the  reservoir  system  to  the  improvement  of  the 
Ohio  river.]  2,800  w.  1908.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.59,  p.624.) 

Reply  to  criticism  by  Connor,  p.62i. 

Leighton,  Marshall  Ora. 

Relation  of  water  conservation  to  flood  prevention  and  navigation 
in  the  Ohio  river.  14,000  w.  I  map.  1908.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.59, 
p.498,  511.) 

Appendix  to  preliminary  report  of  Inland  Waterways  Commission. 

Valuable  paper,  also  editorial.  Proposes  to  provide  reservoir  capacity  sufficient 
"to  store  the  top  wave  of  the  flood,  which  does  nearly  all  the  damage."  Gives  history  of 
reservoir  regulation;  reservoir  possibilities  on  Allegheny,  Monongahela,  Kanawha  and 
Tennessee;  influence  of  reservoirs  on  flood  heights  at  Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati  and  other 
points;  effects  on  navigation;  cost  of  reservoir  system  and  benefits  which  would  result. 
Contemplates  about  100  reservoirs.  Cost  estimates  unusually  low. 

Lessons  of  the  Shawneetown  flood.    800  w.     1898.     (In  Public  opinion, 
v.24,  p.456.) 

Editorials  on  disastrous  flood  at  Shawneetown,  111.  from  "Chicago  times-herald," 
"Chicago  record,"  "St.  Louis  globe-democrat,"  and  "Pittsburgh  commercial-gazette." 

McElroy,  Samuel. 

Ohio  floods.     i,2OOw.     1884.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.n,  p.i63.) 
Advocates  reservoir  construction  on  tributaries  of  the  Allegheny  and  Monongahela 

and  attempts  to  show  feasibility  of  such  a  course. 

Merrill,  William  E. 

Improvement  of  the  Ohio  river.  139  p.  5  folding  pi.  1879.  (In 
United  States — Engineer  department.  Report,  1879,  pt.2,  p. 1299.) 

"Statement  of  the  work  done  on  this  river  from  July  i,  1878  to  June  30,  1879.  The 
localities  are  named  in  the  order  of  natural  succession  beginning  at  Pittsburgh." 

With  reports  and  surveys  of  branches,  including  Muskingum  and  Allegheny  by 
Thomas  P.  Roberts,  and  Kiskiminitas  and  Conemaugh  by  James  Worrall. 

Merrill,  William  E. 

Ohio  river  floods.    1,700  w.    1884.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.n,  p. 137.) 
Special  reference  to  conditions  in  Cincinnati.     Considers  control  by  artificial  reser- 
voirs impracticable.     Protests  against  the  practice  in  large  cities,  of  encroaching  on  the 
river's  banks.     Does  not  favor  a  levee,  but  advocates  the  use  of  lowlands  for  business 
purposes  only,  and  the  construction  of  all  buildings  with  a  view  to  possible  floods. 

Morris,  Ellwood. 

On  the  improvement  of  the  Ohio  river.  24  p.  3  dr.  2  folding  pi. 
1857.  (In-  Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  v.63,  ser.  3,  v.33,  p.i,  145; 
v.6s,  ser.  3,  v.35,  p.i.) 

Claims  "that  by  using  six  large  artificial  lakes,  to  be  filled  and  emptied  but  once  a 
year,  a  navigable  depth  of  six  feet  can  be  permanently  maintained  by  an  outlay  in  reser- 
voirs of  twelve  millions  of  dollars. .  .That  six  artificial  lakes  of  the  size  herein  con- 
templated, could  not  fail  to  exert  a  material  influence  in  moderating  the  Ohio  river 
floods." 

The  third  article  is  a  review  of  papers  by  Roberts. 

Ohio  and  Mississippi  floods.    900  w.     I  ill.    1903.     (In  American  monthly 
review  of  reviews,  v.27,  p. 606.) 

Powell,  John  W. 

Our  recent  floods,  n  p.  1892.  (In  North  American  review,  v.155, 
p.  149.) 

By  director  of  United  States  geological  survey. 

Very  general  treatment  of  flood  causes  and  prevention.  The  only  flood  specifically 
mentioned  is  the  Allegheny  "oil  flood"  of  i86$(?). 


32  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Powell,  S.  W. 

Drowning  the  torrent  in  vegetation.  3,300  w.  1884.  (In  Popular 
science  monthly,  v.26,  p. 67.) 

"The  extraordinarily  disastrous  floods  of  i883-'84,  in  the  Ohio  river,  have  again 
called  public  attention  to  the  close  relation  which  the  wooded  or  unwooded  condition  of 
steep  hill-sides,  in  the  area  drained  by  streams,  bears  to  the  volume  of  water  flowing  in 
them." 

Presents  desirability  of  a  great  forest  reservation  in  the  Adirondacks. 

Reservoir  system  for  control  of  the  Ohio  river.     2,800  w.     1908.     (In 
Engineering  news,  v.59,  p.638.) 

Editorial  comment  on  recent  papers  of  Leighton,  Connor  and  Horton,  all  printed  in 
"Engineering  news"  (V.SQ,  p.4g8,  621,  624,  631).  Recognizes  the  value  of  reservoirs  but 
calls  attention  to  the  necessity  also  of  levees  on  the  Mississippi,  and  to  the  advantages 
of  forest  preservation  as  a  check  on  soil  erosion  and  filling  of  reservoirs  by  silt. 

Roberts,  Thomas  Paschall. 

Floods  and  means  of  their  prevention  in  our  western  rivers.    5,000  w. 

1  map.     1907.     (In  Proceedings  of  the  Engineers'  Society  of  Western 
Pennsylvania,  v.23,  p. 306,  365.) 

Discussion,  20,000  w.     i  diag. 

Various  plans  for  protection  of  Pittsburgh.  Recommends  raising  of  streets  and 
buildings  in  flood  section;  construction  of  a  concrete  wall  from  ten  or  twelve  feet  below 
surface  of  ground  to  flood  level;  pumping  plants  for  emptying  sewers  at  flood  times. 
The  effect  of  forests,  and  various  other  topics  are  discussed  by  well-known  local  engineers. 

Roberts,  Thomas  Paschall. 

Monongahela  river;  some  of  its  characteristics  and  brief  sketch,  of 
methods  undertaken  for  the  improvement  of  its  navigation.  6,000  w. 

2  dr.      1908.      (In   Proceedings   of  the   Engineers'    Society   of  Western 
Pennsylvania,  v.24,  p. 194.) 

Discussion,  2,000  w. 
Considers  floods. 

Roberts,  W.  Milnor. 

Practical  views  on  the  proposed  improvement  of  the  Ohio  river. 
78  p.  1857-58.  (In  Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  v.64,  ser.  3,  v.34, 
p.23,  73,  145,  217,  289,  354,  361;  v.65,  ser.  3,  v.35,  P-73-) 

Rather  brief  consideration  of  floods,  in  final  remarks  and  elsewhere.  Two  of  the 
later  articles  are  in  reply  to  Ellet.  (See  reference  under  Mississippi.) 

Shawneetown  levee  disaster.     800  w.     1898.      (In   Engineering  record, 

v.37,  p.446.) 

Editorial  on  flood  of  April  3,  1898.  When  crevasse  occurred  flood  was  three  feet 
below  crest  of  levee.  Two  possible  causes  of  the  break  are  suggested:  the  burrowing  of 
muskrats,  and  imperfect  construction  around  a  drain-pipe  passing  through  levee. 

Wines,  Frederick  Howard. 

Flood  at  Shawneetown.  i,8oow.  1898.  (In  Charities  review,  v.8, 
P.I75-) 

Ohio  river  crevasse  and  its  disastrous  effects  at   Shawneetown,   111. 


Passaic 

See  also  Bibliographies  and  indexes  (Hollister  &  Leighton) 

Flood  damage  to  bridges  at  Paterson,  N.  J.     i,50ow.    Sill.     1903.     (In 
Engineering  news,  v.5O,  p. 377.) 

Passaic  river  flood  of  October  1903.     Two  concrete  bridges  wrecked. 
See  also  p-352. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  33 

Floods  in  the  Passaic  valley.  i,ooow.  1903.  (In  Engineering  record, 
v.48,  p-449-) 

Editorial  on  the  frequent  destructive  floods  in  this  region.  Their  annual  repetition 
can  be  prevented  only  by  expensive  protection  works,  which,  it  is  suggested,  should  be 
taken  in  charge  by  the  state  of  New  Jersey. 

Report  of  the  Passaic  River  Flood  District  Commission.  79  p.  16  ill. 
17  folding  pi.  1906.  [published]  1907. 

Favors  erection  of  controlling  works  at  Mountain  View,  involving  the  flooding  of 
Pompton  basin. 

Includes  report  ot  engineer  with  cost  estimates,  and  such  suggestions  for  legislation 
as  have  met  with  the  approval  of  the  commission. 

Sherrerd,  Morris  R. 

Flood  control  and  conservation  of  water  applied  to  Passaic  river. 
2,400  w.  1906.  (In  Engineering  record,  v.54,  p.6o5.) 

The  same,  condensed.  1,300  w.  1907.  (In  Engineering  magazine,  v.32, 
p.790.) 

Paper  before  New  Jersey  Sanitary  Association. 

Conservancy  both  for  power  and  water-supply  purposes.  Investigation  prompted 
by  the  necessity  for  flood  control.  Favors  state  expenditure  of  $11,000,000  to  accomplish 
floo'd  control  and  conservation  of  200,000,000  gallons  of  potable  water  per  day,  which 
would  at  present  (1906)  be  furnished  partly  to  New  York  city,  but  eventually  marketed 
entirely  among  New  Jersey  cities. 

Susquehanna 

Hoyt,  John  C.  &  Anderson,  Robert  H. 

Notes  on  the  flood  of  March  1904  in  the  lower  Susquehanna  river. 
i,ooow.  3  ill.  1904.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.5i,  p. 393.) 

Effect  at  various  points.  Comparison  with  other  floods  to  determine  points  most 
frequently  subject  to  ice  gorges. 

Raymond,  Charles  W. 

Preliminary  examination  of  the  west  branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
river. .  .with  a  view  of  ascertaining  the  best  practicable  method  of  con- 
fining the  waters  of  said  river,  in  times  of  great  flood,  to  the  general 
course  of  its  channel.  4,500  w.  1890.  (In  United  States — Engineer  de- 
partment. Annual  report,  1891,  pt.2,  p. 1102.) 

The  same,  abstract.    2,000  w.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.25,  p. 128.) 
The  same,  abstract.     1,800  w.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.25,  P-I52.) 
Suggested  means  of  prevention  are  forest  preservation,  storage  reservoirs,  and  trans- 
verse barriers  across  lines  of  drainage  to  aid  in  checking  flood  volumes.     Means  of  con- 
trol are  levees,   increase   of   channel   dimensions,   removal   of  causes    of   temporary   ob- 
struction. 

Raymond,  Charles  W.  &  Schermerhorn,  L.  Y. 

Proposed  flood  protection  for  Williamsport,  Pa.  700  w.  1895.  (In 
Engineering  news,  v.34,  p. 309.) 

Abstract  of  United  States  engineers'  report.  Recommends  removal  of  present  dam 
and  substitution  of  movable  one  to  be  lowered  during  floods;  rectification  of  river  sec- 
tion at  each  of  three  bridges;  dikes  for  all  lower  parts  of  city;  rectification  of  mouth 
of  Lycoming  creek;  removal  of  islands  and  boom  piers  within  city  limits;  an  improved 
sewerage  system,  and  a  pumping  plant  for  drainage  of  low  districts  at  flood  times. 

Waters,  O.  P. 

Flood  damage  to  the  York  Haven  power  plant.  700  w.  2  ill.  1904. 
(In  Engineering  record,  v.49,  p-36i.) 

Hydroelectric  plant  on  the.  Susquehanna  river,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $1,500,000, 
damaged  by  the  worst  ice  freshet  in  no  years. 


34  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Miscellaneous 

Eastern  United  States 

Allen,  Charles  Julius. 

Annual,  report  upon  improvement  of  Potomac  river  and  its  tribu- 
taries, of  James  river  and  harbor  at  Milford  Haven,  and  rivers  in  Vir- 
ginia on  western  shore  of  Chesapeake  bay,  protection  of  Jamestown 
island.  58  p.  I  map.  1899.  (In  United  States — Engineer  department. 
Report,  1899,  pt.2,  p.i4i3.) 

The  same.    60  p.    5  maps.     1900.     (In  same,  1900,  pt.2,  p. 1701.) 

Fitzgerald,  Desmond. 

Yield  of  the  Sudbury  river  water-shed  in  the  freshet  of  Feb.  loth- 
I3th,  1886.  3,000  w.  i  folding  pi.  1891.  (In  Transactions  of  the  Amer- 
ican Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.25,  p.253.) 

This  watershed  is  one  of  the  sources  of  water-supply  of  the  city  of  Boston. 

Flood  protection  in  Ithaca,  N.  Y.     2,000  w.     5  dr.     I  ill.     i  map.     1907. 
(In  Engineering  record,  v.55,  p. 684.) 

Describes  conditions  at  Cayuga  lake  and  the  work  of  confining  Six  Mile  run  to  a 
safe  channel. 

Francis,  James  B. 

Distribution  of  rain-fall  during  the  great  storm  of  October  3  and  4, 
1869.  2,000  w.  i  folding  map.  7  p.  of  tables.  (In  Transactions  of  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.7,  p. 224.) 

Data  on  a  very  heavy  rain  in  eastern  United  States  which  caused  great  floods. 
During  this  storm  the  rainfall  at  Canton,  Conn,  was  12.35  inches. 

[Myers,  E.  W.] 

Study  of  the  Southern  river  floods  of  May  and  June  1901.  3,600  w. 
6  ill.  1902.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.48,  p. 102.) 

Causes  and  effects  of  floods  in  North  Carolina  and  West  Virginia. 

Report  of  the  New  York  Water  Storage  Commission.     1,400  w.     1903. 
(In  Engineering  news,  v.49,  p. 115,  183.) 

Abstract.  Commission  was  appointed  in  April  1902  to  investigate  floods  and  their 
prevention.  Recommends  state  supervision  and  control,  entrusting  the  execution  of  the 
work  to  a  permanent  commission.  Favors  in  general  water  storage  and  channel  regu- 
lation. 

System  of  protection  of  Corning,  N.  Y.  from  floods  in  the  Chemung 
river.    2,500  w.    9  ill.     1897.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.38,  p. 146.) 

Main  feature  is  a  low,  sod-covered  earth  dike,  eight  feet  wide  on  top  with  slopes  of 
three  to  one  on  the  river  and  two  to  one  on  the  land  side.  Seven  small  streams  flow 
into  the  river;  most  of  these  are  led  through  the  dike  in  closed  conduits  with  flap  valve 
at  end. 

West  Virginia  flood.    500  w.    4  ill.    1901.    (In  Scientific  American,  v.85, 
P-43-) 

Devastation  in  Elkhorn  valley  and  Pocahontas  coal  region,  June  22-23,  1901. 

Zook,  M.  A. 

Flood  repairs  to  the  Lehigh  &  Susquehanna  division  of  the  Central 
Railroad  of  New  Jersey.  i,ooow.  3  ill.  1904.  (In  Engineering  news, 
v-5i,  P-97-) 

Floods  in  Lehigh  valley  Dec.  15,  1901  and  Feb.,  28,  1902,  damaged  road-bed  in 
many  places  and  wrecked  a  number  of  bridges,  notably  at  East  Allentown  and  Easton,  Pa. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  35 

Western  United  States 

Burton,  J.  R. 

Flood  prevention  and  irrigation;  twin  ideas.  II  p.  1903.  (In  North 
American  review,  v.177,  p. 522.) 

By  United  States  senator  from  Kansas  (1901-07),  considering  particularly  that 
section. 

Can  floods  be  prevented?     400  w.     1903.     (In  Independent,  v.55,  pt.2, 
P.I474-) 

Editorial  on  conditions  in  western  United  States,  favoring  dams  in  ravines,  forest 
protection,  and  especially  the  immediate  establishment  of  a  permanent  reservoir  system 
under  government  control. 

Clapp,  W.  B.  and  others. 

Flood   of   March    1907,   in   tbfe   Sacramento   and   San  Joaquin   river 
basins,  California.     50  p.     I  diag.     2  maps.     1908.     (In  Transactions  of 
the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.34,  p.99.) 
«       Discussion,  31  p.,  p. 367,  460. 

The  flood  problem  of  the  Sacramento  valley  is  a  serious  one.  The  authors,  and 
many  of  those  taking  part  in  the  discussion  favor  storage  reservoirs. 

Damage  by  the  March  floods  on  the  P.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.     i,ioow.    4  ill. 
1897.     (In  Railroad  gazette,  v.29,  p. 336.) 

Serious  damage  to  track  and  to  many  bridges  by  sudden  rise  of  Miami  and  other 
rivers. 

Flood  at  Guthrie,  Oklahoma.    i,ioow.     1897.     (In  Harper's  weekly,  v.4i, 
pt.i,  p.499,  500.) 

Sudden  and  destructive  flood  on  Cottonwood  river. 

[Galveston  flood.]     600  w.    1900.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.44,  p.i96.) 
Considers  rebuilding  of  city  and  suggests  grade  raising. 

Going,  Charles  B. 

Causes  of  floods  in  Western  rivers.  1,800  w.  n  ill.  1895.  (In  Engi- 
neering magazine,  v.8,  p. 1038.) 

Compares  rivers  of  Atlantic  seaboard  with  those  west  of  Appalachian  mountains. 

Going,  Charles  B. 

Effects  of  floods  in  Western  rivers.  4,000  w.  1892.  (In  Engineering 
magazine,  v.3,  p. 795-) 

Contrast  with  rivers  of  eastern  United  States. 

Harger,  Charles  Moreau. 

Recent  floods  of  the  middle  West.  1,200  w.  Sill.  1903.  (In  Ameri- 
can monthly  review  of  reviews,  v.28,  p. 74.) 

Johnston,  Thomas  T. 

The  great  waterway  to  connect  Lake  Michigan  with  the  Mississippi 
river  and  its  influence  on  floods  in  the  Illinois  river.  3,500  w.  10  diag. 
1887.  (In  Journal  of  the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies,  v.6, 
p.i82.) 

Discussion  by  James  A.  Seddon,  i,2oow. 

Kenyon,  W.  J. 

Story  of  the  Sacramento  flood.  2,000  w.  3  ill.  1907.  (In  World  to- 
day, V.I2,  p.632.) 

Flood  in  spring  of  1907  in  double  valley  of  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers. 
Popular  account,  mainly  of  rescues.  Gives  proposed  schemes  to  prevent  future  floods. 


36  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Land  reclamation  along  the  Illinois  river.  i,5oow.  I  ill.  I  map.  1905. 
(In  Engineering  record,  v.52,  p. 150.) 

Methods  for  flood  protection  of  about  80,000  acres  of  land  several  feet  below  high- 
water  level.  Levees,  built  by  boom  and  bucket  dredge,  have  withstood  several  floods. 

[Noble,  Alfred,  and  others.] 

Plans  for  the  protection  of  Galveston  from  floods.  2,200  w.  i  dr. 
i  map.  1902.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.47,  p. 344.) 

Abstract  of  committee  report.  Recommends  a  concrete  sea-wall  more  than  three 
miles  long.  It  is  also  proposed  to  raise  level  of  city  eight  to  twelve  feet. 

Report  of  the  commission  of  engineers  on  the  rectification  of  the  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Joaquin  rivers.  7,500  w.  i  map.  1905.  (In  Engineering 
news,  v.53,  p.25O.) 

Expert  report  to  the  River  Improvement  and  Drainage  Association  of  California. 
Includes  discussion  of  rejected  propositions  and  outlines  plan  proposed  by  present  com- 
mission. Gives  estimates.  About  1,700  square  miles  will  be  protected  from  floods. 

Robinson,  A.  F. 

Floods  on  the  Santa  Fe  system.  600  w.  7  ill.  1904.  (In  Railway 
age,  v.38,  p.8'5O.) 

Some  remarkable  results.  Illustrates  a  masonry  abutment  weighing  more  than  600 
tons  which  was  carried  150  feet  down  stream  without  upsetting  or  cracking  the  masonry. 

Whistler,  John  T. 

The  Heppner  disaster.  i,8oow.  1903.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.so, 
P-53-) 

From  report  to  United  States  geological  survey. 

Sudden  flood  of  June  14,  1903,  at  Heppner,  Oregon,  on  Willow  creek.  In  author's 
opinion  "the  great  destructiveness  of  these  so-called  'cloud-bursts'  is  due  more  to  the 
rugged  character  of  the  topography,  and  the  almost  utter  absence  of  vegetation,  than 
to  the  unusual  rainfall." 


Other  rivers 

Breithaupt,  W.  H. 

Grand  river,  Ontario  peninsula;  effect  of  deforestation  and  swamp 
drainage.  2,000  w.  I  diag.  2  ill.  i  map.  1905.  (In  Transactions  of 
the  Canadian  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.19,  p. 302.) 

Discussion,  400  w. 

"It  is  clear  that  precipitation  in  the  peninsula  is  not  materially  affected  by  deforesta- 
tion. .  .The  run-off  is,  however,  very  directly  affected.  .  .The  flow  regulation  of  the  river 
by  means  of  large  storage  basins  is  for  the  present  hardly  practicable  from  an  economi- 
cal view  point,  and  will  not  here  be  further  considered." 

Favors  reforestation  and  leaving  of  swamps  and  marshes  undrained. 

Crowell,  J.  Foster. 

Characteristics  of  the  Ravine  du  Sud  in  the  island  of  Hayti,  and 
plan  for  averting  its  overflow.  10,800  w.  i  ill.  3  folding  pi.  1891.  (In 
Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.24,  p.47O.) 

Discussion,  2,500  w.     i  diag.     (In  same,  v.2S,  p.343.) 

"The  word  ravine  is  here  to  be  taken  in  its  French  significance,  implying  a  raging 
torrent,  and  not  merely  as  a  term  of  topographical  configuration."  Recommends  an 
artificial  channel  to  lead  flood  waters  to  sea. 

Garriott,  E.  B. 

Storms,  floods  and  cold  waves  of  the  year  [1897].  2,800  w.  1898. 
(In  United  States — Weather  bureau.  Report,  1898,  p.27.) 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  37 

Garriott,  E.  B.  —  continued. 

The  same.  (In  United  States  —  Department  of  agriculture.  Annual 
report,  1898,  p.  208.) 

Gives  brief   information   on   the   most   important   floods   of  the   year   in   the   United 
States. 
O'Hara,  Thomas. 

Flood  on  Bluefields  river  banana  lands.  500  w.  1896.  (In  United 
States  consular  reports.  Sept.  1896,  v.52,  no.  192,  p.  207.) 

Letter  from  British  vice-consul  at  Bluefields,  Nicaragua,  to  British  consul  at  San 
Juan  del  Norte,  sent  by  O'Hara. 

Sluice  box  and  flood  gate  construction;  Fraser  valley  reclamation,  Brit- 
ish Columbia.     i,ioow.     i  ill.     1897.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.38,  p.  55.) 

Replacing  others  destroyed  by  floods. 

Traill,  W.  E. 

Nature  on  the  rampage.  1,000  w.  1907.  (In  Canadian  magazine, 
v.29,  p.294.) 

Describes  writer's  impressions  during  ice  flood  at  Hudson  Bay  Company's  post  on 
Peace  river,  Canada,  1888. 

Foreign  river  floods 

British 
Bateman,  John  Frederic. 

[Flood  water  of  rivers.]  900  w.  1863.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings 
of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.22,  p.  362.) 

Data  on  several  English  rivers. 

Bazalgette,  Edward. 

Victoria,  Albert  and  Chelsea  embankments  of  the  river  Thames. 
1  1,  500  w.  2  folding  pi.  1878.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Insti- 
tution of  Civil  Engineers,  v.54,  p.i.) 

Discussion,   13,000  w. 

History  and  description  of  Thames  improvement  works,  not  limited  to  those  indi- 
cated in  title.  Holds  that  increased  flood  and  tide  heights  and  consequent  overflows  are 
not  due  to  embankments.  This  view  is  supported  by  discussion. 

Broome,  Jeremy. 

Floods.     i,8oow.     iSill.     1897.     (In  Strand  magazine,  v.13,  p.  441.) 

Popular  description  of  a  number  of  floods,  mostly  in  England  and  West  Indies. 

Flood  and  its  lessons.     2,500  w.      1859.     (In  Chambers's  journal,  v.32, 


n.  s.  v.i2, 

Experiences  and  flood  conditions  in  England.  Urges  river  and  stream  improvement 
and  more  attention  to  general  drainage. 

Floods.    2,400  w.     1884.     (In  Nineteenth  century,  v.15,  p.94.) 

Deals  with  conditions  in  England  and  duties  of  conservancy  boards.  Considers  it 
"desirable  to  restrict  floods  within  such  limits  as  are  possible  without  immoderate  or 
disproportionate  outlay." 

Floods  on  English  rivers.     i,5oow.     1903.     (In  Spectator,  v.Qi,  p.  383.) 

"Present  year  (1903)  has  seen  more  floods  than  any  recorded  period  of  the  same 
length."  Deals  with  their  causes  and  phenomena. 

Forbes,  Urquhart  A. 

Prevention  of  floods.  3,000  w.  1881.  (In  Macmillan's  magazine, 
v-43,  P-32I.) 

Considers  English  rivers.  Mentions  several  schemes  for  organization  and  super- 
vision of  work,  favoring  that  proposed  by  Mr  Magniac  —  to  establish  small  boards  for 
local  work,  larger  boards  representing  the  county,  and  a  General  Conservancy  Board  to 
have  charge  of  the  whole.  Does  not  deal  with  methods. 


38  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Gloyne,  R.  M. 

Construction  of  the  most  recent  flood  prevention  works  in  East- 
bourne. 2,500  w.  1897.  (In  Builder,  v.72,  p. 532.) 

Author  is  the  borough  engineer.  Describes  works  being  constructed  under  his 
supervision  to  prevent  the  flooding  of  parts  of  the  city.  Mainly  the  abandonment  of 
old  sewerage  systems  and  construction  of  a  modern  high-level  system  of  greater  capacity. 

Greaves,  Charles. 

On  evaporation  and  on  percolation.  I3,ooow.  3  ill.  1876.  (In  Min- 
utes of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.45,  p. 19.) 

Appendix,  20  p.     Tables  of  rainfall,  percolation  and  evaporation. 

Discussion,  30,000  w.  p. 48.     Considers  also  paper  by  Symons. 

Includes  causes  of  floods  and  storage  of  flood  water,  with  reference  to  conditions 
in  England. 

Jacob,  Arthur. 

Conservancy  of  rivers;  the  valley  of  the  Irwell.  i6p.  I  folding  pi. 
1881.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers, 
v.67,  p.233.) 

Discussion  and  correspondence,  82  p.  3  ill.  p. 249.     Considers  also  paper  by  Wheeler. 
Defines  river  conservancy  in  its  broadest  sense  but  deals   with   only  one   phase — 
flood  abatement. 

Lauder,  Sir  Thomas  Dick. 

Account  of  the  great  floods  of  August  1829  in  the  province  of  Moray 
and  adjoining  districts.  25  p.  1830.  (In  Westminster  review,  v.13, 
P-350.) 

Review  of  book  with  above  title,  published  by  Adam  Black,  Edinburgh,  1830.     418  p. 

Management  of  rivers.  1,100  w.  1880.  (In  Engineer,  London,  v.5O,  p. 445.) 

Editorial  plea  for  more  efficient  regulation  of  English  rivers.  Partial  reference  to 
flood  prevention. 

Prevention  of  floods.    1,500  w.    1880.    (In  Engineer,  London,  v.5O,  p. 388.) 
The  same.     (In  Van  Nostrand's  engineering  magazine,  v.24,  p. 131.) 
Editorial    outline    of   plans    for    organization    and    administration    of    the    work    in 

England. 

Symons,  George  James. 

On  the  floods  in  England  and  Wales  during  1875,  and  on  water  econ- 
omy. 8,000  w.  i  ill.  6  rainfall  maps.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.45,  P-1-) 

Appendix,  4  p.     Rainfall  tables. 

Discussion,  30,000  w.  p.48.     Considers  also  paper  by  Greaves. 

"The  number  as  well  as  the  volume  of  the  floods  of  1875  having  been  extremely 
unusual,  the  author  has  been  led  to  believe  that  a  brief  record  of  their  causes  and  effects, 
together  with  some  remarks  on  other  great  floods  of  the  past  and  present  centuries, 
might  be  acceptable." 

Wheeler,  William  Henry. 

Conservancy  of  rivers;  the  eastern  Midland  district  of  England. 
32  p.  i  folding  pi.  1881.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  o'f  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers,  v.67,  p.2Oi.) 

Discussion  and  correspondence,  82  p.   3  ill.   p.249.      Considers  also   paper  by  Jacob. 

Rivers  here  dealt  with  are  typical  of  the  drainage  systems  of  flat  districts  of 
permeable  strata,  discharging  into  sandy  estuaries;  with  small  rainfall  and  no  mountain 
torrents.  Points  out  the  advantage  of  a  comprehensive  general  scheme  of  flood  control 
over  local  attempts. 

Cause  of  floods,  p.2i7,  250. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  39 

French 

See  also  Flood  prediction 

Belgrand,  E. 

Note  sur  le  groupe  de  pluies  du  21  au  24  juin  1875;  crue  de  la  Ga- 
ronne; desastres  de  Toulouse.  4,500  w.  1876.  (In  Comptes  rendus  des 
seances  de  1'Academie  des  sciences,  v.8i,  p. 1017,  1082,  1168.) 

The  same,  condensed  translation.  300  w.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.44,  p.26i.) 

Floods  of  the  Garonne  and  other  rivers  in  France. 

Belgrand,  E. 

Note  sur  les  crues  de  la  Seine  et  de  ses  affluents.  5,000  w.  1872. 
(In  Comptes  rendus  des  seances  de  I'Academie  des  sciences,  v.75,  p.  1584, 
1675.) 

Extract  from  his  book,  "La  Seine;  etudes  hydrologiques." 

Belgrand,  E. 

La  Seine;  etudes  hydrologiques.  1,500  w.  1873.  (In  Comptes  rendus 
des  seances  de  rAcademie  des  sciences,  ¥.76,  p. 1172.) 

Review  of  his  book  with  above  title,  which  deals  in  part  with  floods. 

Belgrand,  E. 

Sur  la  crue  de  la  Seine  de  fevrier-mars  1876.  i,ooow.  1876.  (In 
Comptes  rendus  des  seances  de  I'Academie  des  sciences,  v.82,  p. 596.) 

The  same,  condensed  translation.  200  w.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.44,  P-262.) 

Causes,  and  comparison  with  floods  of  other  French  rivers. 

Belgrand,  E. 

Sur  la  crue  de  la  Seine  et  sur  les  moyens  de  preserver  Paris  des  de- 
bordements  du  fleuve.  2,000.  1876.  (In  Comptes  rendus  des  seances 
de  TAcademie  des  sciences,  v.82,  p. 1086.) 

The 'same,  condensed  translation.  500  w.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.46,  p. 299.) 

Points  out  advisability  of  raising  quays  and  of  cutting  off,  in  flood  time,  all  con- 
nection between  river  and  present  sewers,  removing  sewage  either  by  pumping  or  by 
discharging  further  down  the  river. 

Belgrand,  E. 

Sur  la  crue  de  la  Seine,  le  23  Janvier  1873.  300  w.  1873.  (In  Comp- 
tes rendus  des  seances  de  rAcademie  des  sciences,  v.76,  p. 189.) 

Measurements  and  observations. 

Belgrand,  E. 

Sur  le  debit  de  la  Seine  et  sur  la  crue  du  17  mars  1876:  300  w.  1876. 
(In  Comptes  rendus  des  seances  de  rAcademie  des  sciences,  v.82,  p. 659.) 

The  same,  translated.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers,  v.45,  p. 308.) 

Comparison  with  other  Seine  floods.     Possibility  of  accurate  flood  prediction. 

Belgrand,  E.  &  Lemoine,  G. 

fitude  de  la  grande  crue  de  la  Seine  en  mars  1876.  12,000  w.  1877. 
(In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  5,  v.13,  p. 435-) 


40  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Belgrand,  E.  &  Lemoine,  G. — continued. 

The  same,  condensed  translation.  400  w.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings 
of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.so,  p. 221.) 

Greatest  since  1807.  Below  Paris  slight  damage  was  done.  This  is  attributed  to 
absence  of  embankments  and  to  the  ample  warnings  given  by  the  Hydrological  department. 

Harcourt,  Leveson  Francis  Vernon-. 

River  Seine.  48  p.  4  folding  pi.  1886.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings 
of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.84,  p. 210.) 

Discussion  and  correspondence,  102  p.     9  ill. 

Includes  rainfall,  floods  of  the  Seine  and  prediction  of  floods. 

Jollois. 

Memoire  sur  les  crues  de  la  Loire  superieure.  25  p.  1880.  (In  An- 
nales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  6,  v.i,  p. 273.) 

Tables,  22  p. 

Describes  upper  Loire  and  its  branches,  rainfall  and  flood  calculation.  Divides 
floods  of  this  region  into  four  types,  describing  each. 

M.,  P.  W.S. 

Floods  in  France.    4,500  w.     1876.     (In  Leisure  hour,  v.25,  p. 68.) 
Value  of  flood  prediction;  causes  and  prevention  of  floods. 

German 

See  also  Ice  and  its  effects 

Jasmund,  R. 

Die  arbeiten  der  Rheinstrombauverwaltung,  1851-1900;  denkschrift 
anlasslich  des  sojahrigen  bestehens  der  Rheinstrombauverwaltung 
und  bericht  iiber  die  verwendung  der  seit  1880  zur  regulirung  des 
Rheinstroms  bewilligten  ausserordentlichen  geldmittel;  nach  amtlichen 
materialien  bearbeitet.  242  p.  234  ill.  [1901.] 

Detailed  description  of  the  Rhine  regulation  work  as  carried  out  in  1851-1900. 
Contains  numerous  maps,  plans,  photographs,  etc.  showing  the  condition  of  the  river 
at  various  times  and  places,  methods  and  machinery  used.  Costs  of  various  portions  of 
the  work  are  given. 

Maillet,  Edmond. 

£tude  hydrologique  du  Rhin  allemand  et  du  Main,  les  crues  et  leur 
prevision.  22  p.  I  map.  1903.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees, 
memoires,  ser.  8,  v.io,  p. 200.) 

Abstract  of  a  430  p.  folio  report  which  investigates  in  detail  the  flood  conditions  in 
these  two  river  valleys. 

Roloff,  P. 

Statistische  nachweisungen  iiber  ausgefiihrte  wasserbauten  des 
preussischen  staates.  136  p.  111.  1907. 

"Umgearbeiteter  und  erweiterter  abdruck  aus  der  Zeitschrift  fur  bauwesen,  jahr- 
gang  1900,  1901  und  1904." 

Tabulated  statistics  showing  the  cost  of  much  of  the  construction  work  carried  out 
since  1890.  Includes  river  regulation,  harbors,  dikes,  retaining  walls,  locks,  weirs,  high- 
way bridges,  aqueducts,  siphon  aqueducts,  inverted  siphons,  safety  gates,  etc.  Total 
cost  and  detailed  cost  of  the  main  portions  of  each  work  are  given,  with  brief  descrip- 
tions and  sketches  showing  their  exact  character. 

Sympher,  Arthur  Leo. 

Die  neuen  wasserwirtschaftlichen  gesetze  in  Preussen;  im  auftrage 
des  preussischen  herrn  ministers  der  offentlichen  arbeiten  fur  den  X. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  41 

Sympher,  Arthur  Leo  —  continued. 

Internationalen     Schiffahrt-Kongress    in     Mailand     zusammengestellt. 


1905. 

Gives  the  text  of  five  Prussian  laws  passed  in  1904  and  1905,  relating  to  the  im- 
provement of  internal  waterways  and  the  prevention  of  floods,  with  brief  explanations 
of  the  conditions  which  have  existed  and  which  these  laws  are  intended  to.  modify. 


Italian 
Adams,  Frank  D. 

Embankments  of  the  river  Po.  1,500  w.  1896.  (In  Science,  v.26, 
n.  s.  v.3,  P-759-) 

Criticizes  Lyell's  statement  that  river-bed  has  risen  till  it  is  higher  than  plains  on 
either  side.  Danger  from  Po  floods  is  minimized  by  irrigating  ditches  and  by  system 
of  secondary  embankments. 

Asta,  D. 

On  the  prevention  of  floods  in  rivers.  1,500  w.  1883.  (In  Minutes 
of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.76,  p. 395.) 

Abstract  from  "II  Politecnico,"  1883,  p.47o. 

Discusses  various  methods.  Considers  it  inadvisable  to  abandon  the  existing  systems 
of  embankments  on  Italian  rivers  and  deems  the  maintenance  and  improvement  of  these 
embankments  the  best  solution. 

Barilari. 

Survey  of  the  course  of  the  Po.  i,6oow.  1877.  (In  Minutes  of  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.49,  p. 330.) 

Abstract  from  "Giornale  del  genio  civile,"  v.i4,  p.6ii. 

Work  of  commission  appointed  following  the  great  floods  of  1872. 

Artificial  banks  were  considered  inapplicable  and  the  object  sought  was  reduction  of 
flood  volumes,  or  at  least  an  arrest  of  Jheir  increase.  Involves  investigation  of:  forest 
conditions;  construction  of  storage  basins;  diversion  of  tributaries;  channel  rectification 
and  improvement  of  mouths  of  river. 

Gallizia,  P. 

-Floods  of  the  river  Po  in  the  nineteenth  century.  1,000  w.  1878.  (In 
Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.54, 
p.300.) 

Abstract  from  "Giornale  del  genio  civile,"  v.i6,  p. 3,  41,  125. 

Original  gives  very  full  data  on  floods  and  flood  measurements.  Relief  is  antici- 
pated through  passage  of  a  forest  law  and  through  scour  to  be  secured  by  the  construc- 
tion of  discharge  channels  as  far  as  possible  into  the  Adriatic. 

Pareto,  R. 

On  the  works  proper  to  prevent  the  inundations  of  the  Tiber  in  the 
city  of  Rome.  2,000  w.  1877.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Insti- 
tution of  Civil  Engineers,  v.49,  P-334-) 

Abstract  from  "Giornale  del  genio  civile,"  v.i4,  p.84,  97,  175,  209,  258. 

Favorable  and  unfavorable  features  of  the  following  plans:  reforestation  of  river 
banks;  storage  reservoirs;  total  deviation  of  Tiber;  partial  deviation  of  Tiber;  limitation 
of  the  flow  of  river  admitted  to  city;  rectification  of  channel;  additions  to  banks. 

Report  of  the  Commission  for  preventing  inundation  from  the  Tiber  in 
the  city  of  Rome.  300  w.  1877.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  In- 
stitution of  Civil  Engineers,  v.49,  P-333-) 

Abstract  from  "Giornale  del  genio  civile,"  v.i4,  p-379,  419. 

Details  of  19  submitted  plans.  Recommends  channel  regulation  above  and  within 
the  city. 


42  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Shelford,  William. 

On  rivers  flowing  into  tideless  seas,  illustrated  by  the  river  Tiber. 
9,000  w.     4diag.     1885.     (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution 

of  Civil  Engineers,  v.82,  p. 2.) 

Discussion  and  correspondence,  50  p.     4  ill. 

Has  a  section  on  protection  of  Rome  from  inundation. 

Vescovali,  Angelo. 

Hydrometric  observations  on  the  river  Tiber.     i,2OOw.     1875.     (In 
Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.43,  p. 356.) 

Abstract  from  "Giornale  del  genio  civile,"  June,  July,  August  1875,  Sop.  6  pi. 
Comparison  of  various  floods.     Shows  how  deepening  and  straightening  of  channel 
will  lead  to  great  reduction  of  flood-level. 


Miscellaneous 
Boyle,  Richard  Vicars. 

On  the  flood  of  September  i6th,  1878  in  the  Rokugo  river.  300  w. 
1881.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers, 
v.68,  p.228.) 

Appendix  to  paper  on  Rokugo  river  bridge  (Tokio- Yokohama  railway)  which  with- 
stood this  flood. 

Davis,  W.  M. 

Gohna  landslip.     300  w.     1897.     (In  Science,  v.28,  n.  s.  v.S,  P-437-) 
In  1893  an  immense  landslide  in  the  Himalayas  dammed  a  narrow  valley  and  caused 
formation  of  a  lake.     During  rainy  season  of  following  year  this  natural  dam  failed.     In 
anticipation  of  the   flood,   bridges   were   dismantled   and  telegraphic   service   established 
with  lower  valley.     Loss  was  therefore  very  light. 

De  la  Brosse,  R. 

Note  sur  le  regime  de  la  Theiss  et  les  digues  de  Szegedin.  37  p. 
loill.  1890.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  6,  v.20, 
P-5I2.) 

Describes  plains  of  Hungary  and  construction  of  protective  works  for  the  town  of 
Szegedin. 

Gohna  landslip  and  flood.    4,000  w.     1896.     (In  Engineer,  London,  v.8i, 
P-4I3-) 

Gonda,  B. 

On  the  means  for  protecting  the  county  of  Torontal  (Hungary) 
from  the  inundations  by  the  rivers  Theiss  and  Maros.  300  w.  1876. 
(In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.46, 
p.296.) 

Abstract  from  "Journal  of  the  Hungarian  Society  of  Engineers  and  Architects," 
v.6,  p.276. 

Embankments  have  several  times  been  partly  or  wholly  destroyed.  Besides  strength- 
ening these,  the  Theiss  is  to  be  connected  to  several  canal  systems  and  some  channel 
improvements  made. 

Gordon,  Robert. 

Hydraulic  work  in  the  Irawadi  delta.  31  p.  3  diag.  1893.  (In  Min- 
utes of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.H3,  p.276.) 

Appendixes,  6  p.     Tables  of  discharge,  flood  heights,  etc. 

Extensive  embankments  and  their  effect  on  floods. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  43 

Howden,  Andrew  Cassels. 

Floods  in  the  Nerbudda  valley,  with  remarks  on  monsoon  floods  in 
India  generally.  5,000  w.  i  folding  pi.  1868.  (In  Minutes  of  proceed- 
ings of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.27,  p. 218.) 

Discussion,  23,000  w.  p.229.  Considers  also  paper  by  O'Connell.  (See  reference 
under  General.) 

Effect  of  various  natural  "flood-regulators" — lakes,  swamps,  glaciers,  p. 230,  243; 
cracks  and  fissures  in  dry  earth,  p.247;  forests,  p.255. 

Kohut,  Moriz. 

Die  Oppa-regulierung  in  Jagerndorf.  i,6oow.  i  dr.  i  map.  1901. 
(In  Zeitschrift  des  Osterreichischen  Ingenieur-  und  Architekten-Ver- 
eines,  v.53,  pt.2,  p. 640.) 

Dike  protection  for  a  Bohemian  town. 

List,  G.  H. 

Flood  damages,  N.  W.  R.,  India.  i,8oow.  sill.  1906.  (In  Engi- 
neer, London,  v.ioi,  p. 336.) 

Flood  in  July  1892  caused  by  a  rainfall  of  n  inches  in  six  days.  Bridges,  track  and 
retaining  walls  on  the  North- Western  railway  were  washed  out. 

Morrison,  G.  James. 

On  the  breach  in  the  embankment  of  the  Yellow  river.  5,700  w. 
3  ill.  2  maps.  1893.  (In  Engineering,  v.55,  p. 263,  295.) 

Flood  of  1887.     Methods  of  repairing  a  large  break. 

Nile  floods  and  monsoon  rains.    i,3oow.    1900.    (In  Nature,  v.62,  p. 391.) 

Attempts   to   trace   a   connection   between   the    extent    of   the    Nile    floods    and   the 
,        abundance  or  deficiency  of  the  monsoon  rainfall  in  India.     Makes  a  plea   for  further 
scientific  research  in  the  hope  of  finding  some  means  of  dealing  with  this  problem. 

Prout,  H.  G. 

Modern  miracle.  800  w.  3  diag.  1897.  (In  McClure's  magazine, 
v.io,  p.45.) 

Describes  landslide  and  flood  at  Gohna,  India,  on  a  branch  of  the  Ganges,  1893-94. 

Ritter  von  Wex,  Gustav. 

Ueber  die  Donau-regulirung  bei  Wien.  9,000  w.  1876.  (In  Zeit- 
schrift des  Osterreichischen  Ingenieur-  und  Architekten-Vereins,  v.28, 
P-77.) 

The  same,  condensed  translation.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.46,  p. 294.) 

Effect  of  floods  caused  principally  by  ice  jams. 

Some  mountain  torrents  of  Switzerland.    2,800  w.    25  diag.  and  ill.    1900. 
(In  Engineer,  London,  v.88,  p.io6,  118,  159,  168,  188,  189,  192.) 

Problems  of  regulation  and  control.  These  streams  are  dangerous  by  reason  of  the 
suddenness  of  their  floods. 

Starling,  William. 

Regulation  of  the  Yellow  river.  4,000  w.  2  dr.  17  ill.  1900.  (In 
Engineering  magazine,  v.2O,  p.373.) 

Concludes  that  regulation  is  entirely  feasible,  though  the  work  thus  far  has  not 
been  intelligently  done.  "Sometimes  the  dikes  are  superfluously  high  and  strong,  some- 
times they  are  altogether  insufficient.  They  are  always  neglected.  The  river  is  suffered 
to  get  dangerously  close  to  them,  by  bank  erosion.  The  slopes  are  not  protected  by 
grass... and  they  are  cut  up  by  travel." 


44  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Walzel,  A. 

Ueber  die  in  vorjahre  von  der  Oesterr.  Nordwestbahn  getroffenen 
massnahmen  gegen  eine  ueberfluthtmg  des  bahndammes  zwischen  Bis- 
amberg  und  Stockerau.  4,500  w.  4  ill.  i  map.  (In  Zeitschrift  des  Oster- 
reichischen  Ingenieur-  und  Architekten-Vereines,  v.52,  p. 173.) 

Describes  effective  precautions  taken. 

Williams,  Cyrus  John  Richard. 

Floods  in  the  Brisbane  river  [Australia],  and  a  system  of  predicting 
their  heights  and  times.  2,800  w.  2  diag.  I  map.  1899.  (In  Minutes 
of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.136,  p. 268.) 

The  same,  condensed.     1,800  w.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.4O,  p. 365.) 

Appendix,  4  p. 

In  wet  weather  the  observers  send  telegraphic  reports  daily,  and  with  increased 
frequency  until  hourly  reports  are  sent  during  dangerously  high  water.  From  these 
readings  hydrographs  are  plotted  and  heights  predicted  for  any  point  in  advance  of  the 
maximum  stage.  Appendix  compares  observed  heights  of  various  floods  with  results 
computed  by  author's  system. 

General 

Belpaire,  Theodore. 

On  the  advance  of  floods  and  on  the  influence  of  works  of  river  im- 
provement. 1,200  w.  1881.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  v.66,  p. 405.) 

Considers  effect  of  rectification  on  hypothetical  river  of  small  size.  Concludes  that 
works  of  improvement  accelerate  propagation  of  the  floods  as  long  as  discharge  is  less 
than  that  which  causes  overflow  of  improved  channel. 

Floods.    450  w.    1906.     (In  Nelson's  encyclopaedia,  v. 5,  p. 76.) 
Floods  through  the  failure  of  natural  barriers.     1,500  w.     1889.     (In  En- 
gineering news,  v.22,  p.8i.) 

Calls  attention  to  dangers  of  this  sort  and  gives  two  instances  of  Vermont  lakes 
which  broke  through  their  banks  and  caused  sudden  floods  of  considerable  proportions. 

Francis,  James  B. 

On  the  effect  of  a  rapidly  increasing  supply  of  water  to  a  stream  on 
the  flow  below  the  point  of  supply.    3,000  w.     1889.     (In  Transactions 
of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.2i,  p. 558.) 
Godbey,  A.  H. 

Great  disasters  and  horrors  in  the  world's  history.    612  p.     111.     1890. 

Includes  Johnstown  flood,  floods  in  southern  United  States,  in  Holland,  China  and 
Japan.  Description  only. 

Hutton,  William  R. 

On  the  determination  of  the  flood  discharge  of  rivers  and  of  the 
backwater  caused  by  contractions.  30  p.  5  pi.  1881.  (In  Transactions 
of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.n,  p.2ii.) 

Discussion. 

As  proof  of  the  variation  in  expert  evidence  on  this  subject  author  goes  at  length  into 
the  "Elmira  crossing  case,"  where  the  N.  Y.  L.  &  W.  R.  R.  sought  to  cross  the  N.  Y. 
L.  E.  &  W.  at  Chemung,  necessitating  high  embankments  across  the  Chemung  valley. 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles. 

[Floods.]  3,200  w.  1892.  (In  his  Principles  of  geology,  ed.  n,  rev., 
v.i,  p.344-) 

Brief  description  of  floods  in  Scotland,  Italy  and  United  States. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  45 

Newell,  F.  H. 

Hydrography  of  the  arid  regions.     159  p.     106  diag.     4  ill.     3  maps. 
1892.     (In  United  States — Geological  survey.    Annual  report,  v.12,  pt.2, 

P.2I3.) 

Arid    regions   of   the   United    States.      Includes    (p.227)    relative    amount    of    flood 
waters;  time  of  floods;  intensity  of  floods;  rainfall  and  river  flow. 

O'Connell,  Peter  Pierce  Lyons. 

On  the  relation  of  the  fresh-water  floods  of  rivers  to  the  areas  and 
physical  features  of  their  basins,  and  on  a  method  of  classifying  rivers 
and  streams  with  reference  to  the  magnitude  of  their  floods.  5,000  w. 
2  folding  pi.  1868.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  v.27,  p. 204.) 

Appendix,  3  p.     Table  of  physical  features  of  certain  rivers. 

Discussion,  23,000  w.  p.229.     Considers  also  paper  by  Howden.     (See  Howden,  under 
Foreign  river  floods,.  Miscellaneous.) 

Pollak,  Ignaz. 

Ueber  flussregulirungen.    6,800  w.    6  diag.    1900.     (In  Zeitschrift  des 
O&terreichischen  Ingenieur-  und  Architekten-Vereines,  v.52,  p. 477.) 

Channel  rectification  alone  is  inadequate  for  prevention  of  floods. 

Preliminary   report   of   the   Inland   Waterways    Commission.     4,800  w. 
1908.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.59,  p.247.) 

Condensed  form  of  president's  message  and  report  of  commission. 

Prevention  of  floods.    1,500  w.    1880.    (In  Engineer,  London,  v.5o,  p. 351.) 

Editorial.     Presents  urgency  of  river  improvement  for  the  mitigation  of  floods. 
River  engineering.     13,000  w.     22  dr.     1886.     (In  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica,  v.20,  p. 571.) 

Includes  floods,  their  classification,   causes,  extent  of  prevention   and  the  various 
methods. 

Salisbury,  Rollin  D. 

Work  of  running  water.     60  p.     111.     1907.     (In  his  Physiography, 

P.II4-) 

A  few  illustrations  of  floods. 

Vauthier,  L.  L. 

De    1'influence    des    travaux    de    regularisation    sur    le    regime    des 
rivieres,  notamment  en  ce  qui  touche  les  inondations.    53  p.     1901.     (In 
Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  8,  v.i,  2  trimestre,  p.io8.) 
Paper  at  Eighth  International  Congress  of  Navigation. 


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CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION 

(SUPPLEMENT) 
REFERENCES  TO  BOOKS  AND  MAGAZINE  ARTICLES 

Reprinted  from  the  Monthly  Bulletin,  October  1911 


PITTSBURGH 

CARNEGIE  LIBRARY 

1911 


Synopsis 

Page 
Forest  Influence       -----_-_______       - 

Sanitation  ---________          g  N 

American  River  Floods  __________      g 

Mississippi  ---____.___          g 

Ohio  -------.______.      9 

Miscellaneous  __________          g 

Eastern  United  States  .__       _______       9 

Western  United  States  ----______        IO 

Other  Rivers  __________     I2 

Foreign  River  Floods        -  ---_______        I2 

Austrian  ---________     I2 

British  ________         ,3 

French   -  -__-_______,3 

German     -  ________!- 

General  __       -______j- 


Floods  and  Flood  Protection 

(Supplement) 

This  list  supplements  one  published  under  the  same  title  in  July 
1908.  It  includes  all  material  on  flood  protection  added  to  the  Library 
between  the  former  date  and  October  1911.  In  scope  and  arrangement 
it  is  similar  to  the  previous  list.  In  titles  and  quotations  the  spelling 
of  the  original  has  been  followed  in  each  case. 

There  is  also  much  valuable  information  on  surface  water-supply, 
stream  flow,  measurement  and  drainage  basins  in  the  publications  of 
the  United  States  geological  survey — Annual  reports,  Bulletins  and  par- 
ticularly the  Water-supply  papers. 

The  following  abbreviations  have  been  used: 

diag.  diagrams.  pi.  plates, 

dr.       drawings.  ser.  series, 

ill.       illustrations.  v.  volume, 

no.      number.  w.  words, 
p.        page  or  pages. 


Forest  Influence 
Beardsley,  R.  C. 

Forests  and  stream  flow.  2  diag.  2,000  w.  1910.  (In  Engineering 
news,  v.63,  p. 255.) 

Letter  criticizing  report  of  National  Conservation  Commission  in  "Water-supply 
paper"  234  of  the  United  States  geological  survey.  Author  dissents  from  the  opinion 
that  floods  are  due  to  deforestation  and  believes  that  an  important  cause  of  floods  is 
the  drainage  of  swamps. 

Castle,  Mildred  A.  tr. 

Effect  of  the  forest  upon  waters.  9  p.  1910.  (In  American  forestry, 
v.i6,  p. 1 56.) 

Translated  from  "Revue  des  eaux  et  forets,"  Jan.   i,  15,  1909. 

Results  of  American  and  European  researches,  discussing  papers  at  Eleventh  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Navigation  at  Milan,  1905,  and  other  literature.  Bibliographic 
foot-notes. 

Chittenden,  Hiram  Martin. 

Forests  and  floods;  extracts  from  an  Austrian  report  on  floods  of 
the  Danube,  with  applications  to  American  conditions.  6,400  w.  1908. 
(In  Engineering  news,  v.6o,  p. 467.) 

Discussion  of  paper  by  Ernst  Lauda,  chief  of  the  hydrographic  bureau  of  the  Aus- 
trian government.  Lauda's  paper  "gives  the  most  complete  chronological  record  of  the 
Danube  floods  that  has  ever  been  prepared  for  that  or  probably  any  other  stream." 

5 


6  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Chittenden,  Hiram  Martin,  and  others. 

Forests  and  reservoirs  in  their  relation  to  stream  flow,  with  par- 
ticular reference  to  navigable  rivers,  with  discussion  by  F.  Collingwood 
[and  others].  300  p.  111.  1909. 

Reprinted  from  the  "Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,"  v.62. 

The  same.  1909.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers,  v.62,  p.245.) 

"Municipalities  like  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati  and  Kansas  City,  must  look  in  the  main 
to  their  own  efforts  for  protection  against  floods.  In  particular,  they  must  reject  abso- 
lutely the  delusive  promises  of  forestry."  Conclusion,  p. 315. 

Chittenden,  Hiram  Martin. 

Forests,  stream  flows  and  storage  reservoirs.  500  w.  1908.  (In 
Engineering  news,  v.6o,  p. 564.) 

Letter  in  support  of  article  in  "Engineering  news,"  v.6o,  9.467. 

Fenn,  F.  A. 

The  national  forests.  900  w.   1910.   (In  American  forestry,  v.i6,  p.  187.) 
General  discussion  of  national   forests  and  stream  protection.     Author  is  a  super- 
visor in  the  United  States  forest  service. 

Finney,  John  H. 

Connection  between  forests  and  streams.  1,000  w.  1910.  (In  Amer- 
ican forestry,  v.i6,  p. 109.) 

Criticism  of  Moore's  conclusions  by  secretary  of  the  Appalachian  National  Forest 
Association. 

Forests  and  streamflow.     3,500  w.     1911.     (In  American  forestry,  v.17, 
P-403-) 

Discusses  recent  literature  on  this  subject,  and  describes  briefly  the  experimental 
station  at  Wagon  Wheel  Gap  in  the  Rio  Grande  national  forest.  This  station  is  to  be 
controlled  jointly  by  the  Forest  service  and  the  Weather  bureau,  the  object  being  to 
determine  the  effect  of  forest  cover  upon  high  and  low  water  stages  of  mountain  streams, 
the  run-off  of  mountain  watersheds  as  compared  with  annual  precipitation  and  the 
erosion  of  the  surface  of  the  watershed.  The  only  similar  experiments  heretofore  made 
have  been  in  Switzerland. 

Glenn,  L.  C. 

Forests  as  factors  in  stream  flow.  3,000  w.  2  ill.  1910.  (In  Amer- 
ican forestry,  v.i6,  p.2i7.) 

Hall,  William  L.  &  Maxwell,  Hu. 

Surface  conditions  and  stream  flow.  16  p.  1910.  (United  States — 
Forestry  bureau.  Circular  176.) 

The  same,  abstract.    3,500  w.    1911.    (In  American  forestry,  v.i7,  p.37i.) 

Study  of  the  tendency  toward  increased  floods  and  the  causes,  considering  precipita- 
tion, evaporation,  temperature,  topography  and  geology,  natural  and  artificial  reservoirs, 
soil,  ground  cover,  and  general  watershed  conditions.  States  that  "undoubtedly  it  is  the 
clearing  away  of  the  forest  on  the  mountainous  watersheds  of  the  streams. .  .described 
that  has  caused  the  great  increase  in  frequency  and  duration  of  floods." 

Harts,  William  W. 

Relation  of  forests  to  stream  flow.  2,5oow.  1910.  (In  Engineering 
news,  v.63,  p.245.) 

From  "Professional  memoirs,"  Engineer  bureau,  United  States  army,  Oct.-Dec.  1909. 

Careful  study  of  record  relating  to  the  two  principal  rivers  under  author's  super- 
vision: the  Cumberland  and  the  Tennessee.  These  records  cover  approximately  40  years 
and  author  claims  there  is  but  slight  indication  of  the  influence  of  forests  and  the  little 
evidence  found  is  adverse  to  the  forests. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  7 

Moore,  Willis  L. 

Report  on  the  influence  of  forests  on  climate  and  on  floods.  38  p. 
2  diag.  3  charts.  1910. 

Report  to  Committee  on  agriculture  of  the  House  of  representatives. 

The  same,  condensed.     10,000  w.     (In  Engineering  news,  ¥.63,  p. 245.) 

Conclusions 

"(i)  Any  marked  climatic  changes  that  may  have  taken  place  are  of  wide  extent 
and  not  local,  are  appreciable  only  when  measured  in  geologic  periods,  and  evidence  is 
strong  that  the  cutting  away  of  the  forests  has  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  creating  or 
the  augmenting  of  droughts  in  any  part  of  the  world. 

(2)  Precipitation  controls  forestation,  but  forestation  has  little   or  no  effect  upon 
precipitation. 

(3)  Any  local  modification  of  temperature  and  humidity  caused  by   the  presence 
or  absence  of  forest  covering,  the  building  of  villages  and  cities,  etc.,  could  not  extend 
upward   more  than  a   few   hundred    feet,  and   in   this   stratum  of  air   saturation   rarely 
occurs,  even  during  rainfall,  whereas  precipitation  is  the  result  of  conditions  that  exist 
at  such  altitudes  as  not  to  be  controlled  or  affected  by  the  small  thermal  irregularities 
of  the  surface  air. 

(4)  During  the  period  of  accurate  observations,  the  amount  of   precipitation   has 
-not  increased  or  decreased  to  an  extent  worthy  of  consideration. 

(5)  Floods  are  caused  by  excessive  precipitation,  and  the  source  of  the  precipita- 
tion over  the  central  and  eastern  portions  of  the  United  States  is  the  vapor  borne  by  the 
warm  southerly  winds  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  ocean  into  the  interior 
of  the  country,  but  little  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  crossing  the  Rocky  mountains. 

f  (6)  Compared  with  the  total  area  of  a  given  watershed,  that  of  the  headwaters  is 
usually  small,  and  except  locally  in  mountain  streams,  their  run-off  would  not  be  suf- 
ficient to  cause  floods,  even  if  deforestation  allowed  a  greater  and  quicker  run-off. 
Granting  for  the  sake  of  argument  that  deforestation  might  be  responsible  for  general 
floods  over  a  watershed,  it  would  be  necessary,  in  order  to  prevent  them,  to  reforest 
the  lower  levels  with  their  vastly  greater  areas,  an  impossibility  unless  valuable  agri- 
cultural lands  are  to  be  abandoned  as  food-producing  areas. 

(7)  The  run-off  of  our  rivers  is  not  materially  affected  by  any  other  factor  than 
the  precipitation. 

(8)  The    high    waters    are   not    higher,    and    the    low    waters    are    not    lower    than 
formerly.     In  fact,  there  appears  to  be  a  tendency  in  late  years  toward  a  slightly  better 
low-water  flow  in  summer. 

(9)  Floods  are  not  of  greater  frequency  and  longer  duration  than  formerly." 

Relation  of  forests  to  stream  flow.     2,500  w.     1908.     (In   Engineering 
news,  v.6o,  p.478.) 

Editorial  discussion  of  Chittenden's  papers  in  "Engineering  news,"  v.6o,  p. 467,  and 
in  "Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,"  v.62,  p.245. 

Report  of  Mr  Moore.    700  w.    1910.     (In  American  forestry,  v.i6,  p. 184.) 

Editorial,  criticizing  views  of  Moore. 

Roth,  Filibert. 

Appalachian  forests  and  the  Moore  report.  3,200  w.  3  ill.  1910.  (In 
American  forestry,  v.i6,  p. 209.) 

Author  is  professor  of  forestry  in  University  of  Michigan. 

Criticism  of  Moore's  report  to  Committee  on  agriculture. 

Rothrock,  Joseph  T. 

Some  observations  on  forests  and  water-flow.  i,2OOw.  1910.  (In 
American  forestry,  v.i6,  p.349.) 

Discussion  of  influence  of  forests  on  water  flow  during  winter,  claiming  that  the 
effect  is  to  retard  run-off.  Refers  to  report  by  Moore. 

Seely,  Leslie  B. 

Some  problems  of  forestry.  9,000  w.  1909.  (In  Journal  of  the 
Franklin  Institute,  v.i68,  p.i.) 

Discusses  influence  of  forests  on  general  precipitation,  influence  on  drainage,  etc. 
Gives  results  of  observations  in  India,  in  Bohemia  and  in  California.  These  observa- 
tions, however,  cover  only  brief  periods.  Attributes  both  drought  and  floods  largely  to 
deforestation.  Characterizes  Pittsburgh  as  the  "flood  city." 


8  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Swain,  George  F. 

Influence  of  forests  on  climate  and  on  floods.  7,000  w.  2  ill.  1910. 
(In  American  forestry,  v.i6,  p. 224.) 

See  also  note,  p. 3 15. 

The  same.     (In  Engineering  news,  ¥.63,  p. 427.) 

Author  is  professor  of  civil  engineering,  Harvard  University. 

Lengthy  criticism  of  Moore's  report  to  the  Committee  on  agriculture  of  the  House 
of  representatives.  Author  believes  that  deforestation  unquestionably  "increases  the 
number  and  suddenness  of  floods,  diminishing  also  their  duration." 

Wilson,  Elwood. 

Relation  of  forests  to  stream  flow  in  Quebec.  300  w.  1908.  (Ii 
Engineering  news,  v.6o,  p. 564.)  .  ^> 

Letter  differing  with  conclusions  of  Chittenden  in  his  article  in  "Engineering  news," 
v.6o,  p-467. 

Sanitation 

Cleansing  and   disinfecting   dwellings   after    the    Paris    floods.     300  w. 
1910.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.63,  p. 352.) 

Translated  from  "La  Technique  sanitaire,"  Feb.   1910. 


American  River  Floods 

Mississippi 
[Brown,  C.  W.J 

Protection  and  drainage  of  lands  subject  to  overflow.  3,100  w.  1910. 
(In  Engineering  record,  v.6i,  p. 254.) 

Abstract  of  paper  before  Illinois  Society  of  Engineers  and  Surveyors. 

Special  attention  to  drainage  projects  of  large  magnitude  in  the  Mississippi  valley. 
Run-off  from  high  lands  which  naturally  passes  across  the  drainage  area,  must  be  com- 
puted but  should  be  diverted  if  possible.  Diverting  channels  should  be  provided  with 
settling  basins  of  large  area.  Velocity  during  sedimentation  should  not  exceed  0.3  to  0.4 
feet  per  second.  Author  estimates  for  handling  one-half  of  mean  annual  rainfall  as 
seepage  from  the  soil  and  other  half  as  a  mean  monthly  discharge.  Levees  should  be 
carried  2  to  5  feet  above  highest  recorded  flood  stage.  Slopes  are  given  for  various 
materials.  Cost  of  improvement  must  not  exceed  $20  to  $30  per  acre  if  land  owners  are 
to  be  induced  to  unite  in  the  scheme. 

Pickett,  William  D. 

Floods  of  the  Mississippi  delta;  their  causes,  and  suggestions  as  to 
their  control.  20  p.  1909.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of 
Civil  Engineers,  v.63,  P-53-) 

Area  of  the  delta  is  over  30,000  sq.  mi.  65  per  cent,  of  which  is  "overflow"  land. 
"There  is  no  relief  to  be  expected  from  the  Ohio.  It  is  left,  then,  to  the  Missouri  water- 
shed to  furnish  the  means  for  the  object  required.  The  head  waters  of  this  stream  must 
be  impounded  in  immense  reservoirs  for  such  a  length  of  time  as  will  without  doubt 
prevent  the  'June  rise'  from  making  its  advent  until  the  'spring  rise'  has  passed." 

Price,  W.  G. 

Note  on  the  improvement  of  the  Mississippi  river.    i,ooow.    1908.    (In 

Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.6o,  p. 339.) 

With  discussion. 

Remarks  on  bank  revetment.  "The  writer  believes  that  the  power  of  the  flowing 
water  in  any  silt  and  debris-bearing  stream  can  be  utilized  and  directed  by  a  properly 
designed  structure,  so  that  it  will  dig  a  permanent  foundation  for  such  a  structure." 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  9 

United  States — Engineers  corps. 

Report  by  a  special  board  of  engineers  on  survey  of  Mississippi 
river  from  St.  Louis,  Mo.  to  its  mouth,  with  a  view  to  obtaining  a  chan- 
nel 14  feet  deep  and  of  suitable  width,  including  a  consideration  of  the 
survey  of  a  proposed  waterway  from  Chicago,  111.  to  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
heretofore  reported  upon.  2v.  1909. 

v.i.     Text.      532  p.   with  maps  and  diagrams. 
v.2.     Atlas.     52  large  plates. 

Winslow,  Eveleth  E. 

Resume  of  the  operations  in  the  first  and  second  districts,  Missis- 
sippi river  improvement,  1882-1901,  with  supplement  containing  plates 
i  to  73.  296  p.  13  ill.  1910.  (In  United  States — Engineer  school.  Oc- 
casional papers,  110.41.) 

First  district  extends  from  Cairo  to  the  foot  of  Island  40,  a  distance  of  about  220 
miles.  Second  district  extends  from  the  foot  of  Island  40  to  the  mouth  of  White  river, 
a  distance  of  about  175  miles. 

Describes  in  detail  contraction  works  and  bank  revetment  and  arrives  at  the  follow- 
ing conclusions:  "That  the  banks  of  the  river  can  be  successfully  revetted;  that  side 
chutes  can  be  successfully  closed  and  that  the  river  can  be  otherwise  contracted  where 
necessary;  that  these  works  both  of  revetment  and  contraction  will  be  expensive;  that 
arr  efficient  and  permanent  regulation  is  not  possible  except  by  bank  revetment,  but  that 
contraction  will  also  be  necessary  in  places;  that. .  .in  general  the  full  results  of  work  of 
either  class  will  not  be  shown  for  several  seasons;  that  the  permanency  of  location  will 
be  more  easily  obtained  the  greater  the  curvature  of  the  bends  and  the  more  regular  the 
curvature;  that  in  systematic  regulation  the  work  should  start  at  the  head  of  a  reach 
and  should  proceed  regularly  downstream  and  that  in  general  the  complete  regulation  of 
the  river  will  be  a  work  of  vast  magnitude  that  would  at  best  extend  over  a  long  series 
of  years." 

Ohio 
United  States — Engineers  corps. 

Ohio  river;  letter  from  the  secretary  of  war  transmitting,  with  a 
letter  from  the  chief  of  engineers,  report  of  a  board  of  engineers  on  an 
examination  of  the  Ohio  river  with  a  view  to  obtaining  channel  depths 
of  6  and  9  feet  respectively.  111.  1908.  (6oth  cong.  ist  sess.  House. 
Doc.  v.i7.) 

Numerous  maps  and  diagrams,  including  29  folding  plates. 

Miscellaneous 
Bixby,  Gen.  William  H. 

River  and  harbor  improvements  under  the  corps  of  engineers, 
United  States  army.  10,000  w.  1910. 

Pamphlet.  Reprint  of  address  delivered  before  National  Rivers  and  Harbors  Con- 
gress held  at  Washington,  D.  C.  Dec.  8,  1910.  Speaks  of  limitations  imposed  on  Engineer 
department  and  the  necessity  hitherto  of  restricting  the  work  to  navigation  interests. 
Recognizes  importance  of  bank  protection,  levee  construction  and  reclamation  and  calls 
attention  to  the  fact  that  present  and  future  investigations  are  to  include  consideration 
of  water-power  developments  wherever  cost  of  navigation  improvement  may  be  lessened 
thereby. 

Eastern  United  States 

Ayres,  Philip  W. 

Commercial  importance  of  the  White  mountain  forests.  32  p.  1909. 
(United  States — Forestry  bureau.  Circular  168.) 

Discusses  at  some  length  the  influence  on  water-power  and  on  navigation,  claiming 
that  forest  removal  increases  floods  and  that  for  securing  uniformity  of  stream  flow 
"forest  preservation  over  wide  areas,  and  especially  on  steep  slopes  is  the  only  sure 
dependence." 


io  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Hartford,  Conn. 

Report  of  the  joint  special  committee  of  the  court  of  common  coun- 
cil on  East  side  flood  protection,  and  that  of  city  engineer  Frederick 
L.  Ford  upon  (i)  a  general  plan  for  the  abatement  of  the  nuisance 
caused  by  freshets  in  the  Connecticut  river;  (2)  the  improvement  of 
sewerage  facilities  in  the  Colt  meadow  district;  (3)  the  future  disposal 
of  sewage  from  the  Franklin  avenue  sewerage  district:  submitted  to  the 
court  of  common  council  on  Oct.  12,  1908,  Feb.  23  and  March  8,  1909. 
89  p.  loill.  12  folding  pi.  1909. 

Two  methods  are  applicable  "(i)  Completion  of  the  dyking  around  the  unprotected 
area.  (2)  Raising  of  the  entire  inundated  district."  The  former  scheme  is  favored 
in  the  present  report,  as  has  been  the  case  also  in  previous  reports  of  engineers  and  com- 
mittees, extending  over  almost  half  a  century.  Former  reports  have  disagreed  as  to 
location  and  height  of  proposed  dike.  Present  committee  looks  with  disfavor  on  the 
scheme  for  raising  the  flooded  area,  on  account  of  the  expense  and  the  difficulty  of 
securing  cooperation  of  the  property  owners.  Report  includes  careful  study  of  rainfall 
and  stream  measurement  and  gives  estimates  of  cost. 

Knowles,  Morris,  &  Lehman,  G.  M. 

Forest  reserves  in  Appalachian  mountains;  report  of  special  com- 
mittee attending  hearing  before  House  committee  on  agriculture  to 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Pittsburgh.  8  p.  1908. 

Has  reference  to  bill  "For  acquiring  natural  forests  in  the  southern  Appalachian  and 
White  mountains."  Authors  of  this  report  submitted  evidence  showing  increasing 
tendency  to  flooding  of  the  Pittsburgh  region,  and  in  their  conclusion  strongly  recom- 
mended support  of  the  bill. 

Pennsylvania — Water  supply  commission. 
Report.     1905-1908. 

Partial  contents:  1907:  Water  companies. — Obstructions  to  streams. — Hydrographic 
features  of  Pennsylvania. — Deforestation  and  its  effects  on  stream  flow. — Stream  flow. 
— Floods. — Water  power. — 1908:  Inactive  water  companies. — Obstructions  to  streams. — 
Methods  of  bank  protection. — Rainfall. — Droughts. — Floods  during  1908. — Report  of  the 
engineer  of  the  commission  upon  the  causes  and  methods  of  relief  from  floods  in  Turtle 
creek,  Westmoreland  and  Allegheny  counties. 

Pittsburgh — Flood  commission. 

Flood  commission  of  Pittsburgh,  organized  to  investigate  and  find 
means  for  protection  against  floods.  8  p.  [1909.] 

Pamphlet  explaining  object  of  the  commission,  summarizing  extent  of  floods  and 
presenting  preliminary  recommendations. 

Riegel,  R.  M. 

Paxton  creek  flood  controlling  works,  Harrisburg,  Pa.  3,800  w. 
4  dr.  3  ill.  1910.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.63,  p. 196.) 

From  "Cornell  civil  engineer,"  Oct.   1909. 

Stream  with  drainage  area  of  about  23  sq.  mi.  Control  work  begun  May  1908; 
finished  Jan.  1909.  Two  floods  have  since  occurred  without  causing  trouble.  Scheme 
provides  protection  by  diversion  to  Susquehanna  river  through  large  flood  channel,  with 
additional  provision  of  a  reservoir  with  storage  capacity  sufficient  to  carry  the  peak  of 
the  maximum  flood  expected.  Construction  costs  are  given. 

Western  United  States 

Flood  protection  along  Cherry  creek  in  Denver,  Colo.     i,4OOw.     3  dr. 
1908.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.57,  p.i75-)« 

Tributary  of  South  Platte  river.     Fall  about  30  ft.  per  mile. 

Describes  two  continuous  reinforced  concrete  retaining  walls  erected  to  form  a  new 
channel,  with  a  uniform  width  of  80  ft.  and  a  minimum  depth  of  8  ft. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  n 

Flood  protection  in  Grand   Rapids,  Mich.     5,400  w.     2  dr.     3  ill.     1908. 
(In  Engineering  record,  ¥.58,  p. 495.) 

Project  includes  extensive  channel  and  shore  improvement  and  will  create  a  valu- 
able water-power.  Involves  expenditure  of  $i,poo,ooo  for  flood  protection  with  $500,000 
additional  for  sewers. 

Foote,  A.  D. 

Redemption  of  the  great  valley  of  California.  18  p.  I  map.  2  dr. 
1910.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers, 
v.66,  p. 229.) 

Discussion,   35  p. 

The  same,  abstract.   4,000  w.    i  map.    (In  Engineering  news,  v.62,  p. 647.) 

Scheme  combining  flood  prevention  and  land  fertilization  by  basin  irrigation.  In- 
cludes Sacramento,  San  Joaquin,  Tulare  and  Kern  valleys,  and  the  bordering  foot-hills. 
Proposes  dividing  up  entire  alluvial  area  of  the  valleys  into  basins  (10  to  20  miles  long 
and  i  to  3  miles  wide)  by  means  of  dikes  parallel  to  the  general  land  contours.  During 
high  water  these  basins  are  to  be  filled  to  a  depth  of  several  feet,  thus  affording  a  large 
storage  capacity,  securing  irrigation  and  deposition  of  silt.  Drainage  is  to  be  effected 
by  channels  paralleling  the  river  on  either  side.  Channel  openings  to  be  controlled  by 
gates,  more  complete  water  distribution  secured  by  movable  dams,  and  inflow  of  mining 
waste  prevented  by  debris  barriers  at  intervals  along  the  mountain  streams. 

"Flood  capacity  of  the  river  and  escape  channels  would  be  somewhat  more  than 
100,000  cu.  ft.  per  sec.  more  than  was  ever  required  in  the  valley... It  will  take  a 
number  of  years  to  complete  the  scheme  and  may  require  $75,000,000." 

Olesen,  J.  Y. 

Flood  protection  in  the  Kansas  river  valley  at  Kansas  City.  3,000  w. 
3  diag.  i  map.  1909.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.62,  p.82.) 

Watershed  is  60,000  sq.  mi.,  and  channel  at  mouth  can  carry  only  o.i  in  run-off 
per  day  from  this  area  or  150,000  cu.  ft.  per  sec.  without  danger  of  overflow.  A  drain- 
age district  has  been  established  and  will  follow  substantially  the  protective  measures 
recommended  by  a  board  of  army  engineers  in  1904,  as  follows:  (i)  Banks  for  a  dis- 
tance of  17,000  ft.  above  mouth  to  be  protected  by  solid  concrete  walls,  30  ft.  high  above 
mean  low  water,  resting  on  piles  driven  to  bed  rock;  (2)  Width  between  tops  of  walls 
734  ft.;  (3)  River  bed  to  be  dredged  free  of  all  solid  obstructions,  15  ft.  below  low 
water,  thus  allowing  silt  to  be  carried  out  by  scour  at  high  velocity  of  flood  water; 
(4)  All  bridges  limited  to  two  piers  300  ft.  c.  to  c. ;  (5)  Above  the  17,000  ft.  limit 
earth  embankments  protected  by  riprap;  (6)  Levee  and  bank  revetment  along  right 
bank  of  the  Missouri. 

Robinson,  H.  F. 

Report  of  the  flood  on  the  Zuni  river,  Sept.  6,  1909.  i,ooow.  i  map. 
i  table.  1910.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.64,  p.2O3.) 

Partial  failure  of  Zuni  dam,  through  undermining  by  passage  of  water  beneath  a 
lava  cap  which  extended  under  spillway.  Resulted  in  settling  of  from  4  to  9  feet  and 
leakage  of  5,000  cu.  ft.  per  sec.  Drainage  area  above  dam  is  650  sq.  mi.  at  elevations 
varying  from  6,300  ft.  at  reservoir  to  9,200  ft.  on  mountain  tops. 

Stevens,  John  C. 

Water  powers  of  the  Cascade  range;  pt.i,  southern  Washington. 
94  p.  3  diag.  21  pi.  1910.  (United  States  geological  survey.  Water- 
supply  paper  253.) 

Considers  at  some  length  the  variations  in  stream  flow  and  more  briefly  conditions 
affecting  stream  flow,  and  floods. 

United  States — Engineers  corps. 

Sacramento  river,  California;  reports  of  examination  and  survey  of 
Sacramento  river,  California,  from  its  mouth  to  Feather  river.  19  p 
1908.  (6oth  cong.  2d  sess.  House.  Doc.  v.24.) 

Brief  report  with  26  maps.     Includes  estimates  of  cost  of  improvements. 


12  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

United  States — Engineers  corps. 

San  Joaquin  river,  Stockton  channel,  etc.  from  San  Francisco  bay  to 
Stockton,  Cal.;  reports  of  examination  and  survey.  18  p.  1908.  (6oth 
cong.  2d  sess.  House.  Doc.  v.25.) 

Brief  report  with  17  maps.  Includes  estimates  of  cost  of  projects  for  improvement 
of  navigation. 

Other  Rivers 

Campbell,  R.  E. 

Forests  of  Canada  in  relation  to  the  water  supply.  lop.  1909.  (In 
Official  proceedings  of  the  National  Irrigation  Congress,  v.i7,  p. 102.) 

Deals  with  a  district  in  which  the  rivers  and  streams  are  subject  to  sudden  floods, 
often  disastrous.  As  a  move  towards  control  of  flood  waters  an  examination  is  [ipogj 
being  made  of  possible  reservoir  sites  on  some  of  the  main  streams.  Claims  that  forests 
"have  a. .  .beneficial  regulative  effect  on  the  stream  flow." 

Conway,  G.  R.  G. 

Recent  floods  at  Monterrey,  N.  L.,  Mexico.  2,200  w.  i  diag.  i  dr. 
5  ill.  2  maps.  1909.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.62,  p. 315.) 

Description  of  a  disastrous  flood  with  records  of  rainfall  and  run-off. 

Lewis,  Samuel  J. 

The  Monterey  flood  and  San  Luisito  bridge.  1,800  w.  4  ill.  i  map. 
1909.  (In  Mining  and  scientific  press,  v.99,  p. 494.) 

Flood  in  Santa  Catarina  river,  Aug.  27,  1909.  Drainage  area  is  2,000,000  acres, 
probably  less  than  10  per  cent,  being  covered  with  soil  and  vegetation.  Conditions  of 
rainfall  and  run-off  are  easily  determined,  but  were  not  considered  in  construction  of 
the  bridge  destroyed  in  this  flood. 


Foreign  River  Floods  . 

Austrian 
Lauda,  Ernst. 

Das  generelle  regierungsprojekt  fur  die  erganzung  der  hochwasser- 
schutzmassnahmen  in  der  Wiener  Donaustromstrecke.  7,500  w.  17  diag. 

1  dr.     2  tables.      1910.      (In   Zeitschrift   des   osterreichischen   ingenieur- 
und  architekten  vereins,  v.62,  p. 473.) 

Lauda,  Ernst. 

Schutz  von  Wien  gegen  die  hochwasser  der  Donau.  7,500  w.  5  diag. 
5  ill.  1 1  tables.  1910.  (In  Zeitschrift  des  osterreichischen  ingenieur- 
und  architekten  vereins,  v.62,  p. 457.) 

Lauda,  Ernst. 

Schutz  von  Wien  gegen  die  hochwassergefahren  der  Donau.  2,000  vv. 
5  diag.  i  table.  1910.  (In  Zeitschrift  des  osterreichischen  ingenieur- 
und  architekten  vereins,  v.62,  p. 772.) 

Singer,  Max. 

tlber    flussregime    und    talsperrenbau    in    den    Ostalpen.      16,500  w. 

2  diag.    6  dr.    6  ill.    1909.     (In  Zeitschrift  des  osterreichischen  ingenieur- 
und  architekten  vereins,  v.6i,  p. 797,  813.) 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  13 

Waldvogel,  Anton. 

Wien  von  den  hochfluten  der  Donau  dauernd  bedroht.  9,000  w. 
12  diag.  4  dr.  6  ill.  6  maps.  1910.  (In  Zeitschrift  des  osterreichischen 
ingenieur-  und  architekten  vereins,  v.62,  p. 497,  765-) 

Discussion,  20,000  w.     7  dr.      i  map. 

Outlines  history  of  Danube  floods,  shows  Vienna's  danger  and  discusses  protective 
measures. 

British 

England — Royal  commission  on  canals  and  waterways. 

Report  (ist-4th),  1906-11.    v.i-12. 

v.i.  Minutes  of  evidence  and  appendices  thereto  accompanying  the  first  report. 
470+111  p.  1906.  Map  of  the  canal  systems  and  navigable  rivers  of  England  and  Wales. 

v.2.  Ireland.  321+54  p.  1907.  Map  of  the  canal  systems  and  navigable  rivers  of 
Ireland. 

v-3.  England  and  Wales  and  Scotland.  643+217  p.  1908.  Map  of  the  canal  sys- 
tems and  navigable  rivers  of  Scotland. 

v.4.  Returns,  comprising  the  history,  the  extent,  the  capital  of  and  the  traffic  and 
works  on  the  canals  and  inland  navigations  of  the  United  Kingdom.  510  p.  1908. 
Tables  showing  length,  number  of  locks,  number  of  tunnels,  etc.,  in  respect  of  each 
canal  or  navigation  in  England,  Ireland,  Scotland  and  Wales. 

v.5.     England  and  Wales  and  Scotland.     388+79  p.     1909. 

v.6.  Foreign  inquiry;  report  on  the  waterways  of  France,  Belgium,  Germany  and 
Holland.  223  p.  Numerous  maps  and  tables. 

v.7.     Final  report,  England  and  Wales  and  Scotland.     237+29  p.     1909. 

v.8.  Appendices  to  the  fourth  and  final  report,  England  and  Wales  and  Scotland. 
247  p.  1910. 

v.9.  Reports ...  on  the  cost  of  improving  canal  routes.  214  p.  1910.  Includes 
statistical  surveys  of  canal  routes  and  many  drawings  showing  longitudinal  sections  of 
canal  routes. 

v.io.  Reports  on  the  water  supplies  of  canal  routes.  241  p.  1911.  Numerous 
diagrams,  longitudinal  sections  and  plans  of  routes  showing  existing  canals,  proposed 
alterations,  sources  of  water-supply,  reservoirs,  streams  and  pumping  stations  and  par- 
ticulars of  the  catchment  areas  and  rainfall  stations. 

v.i  i.  Final  report  on  the  canals  and  inland  navigations  of  Ireland.  91  p.  1911. 
Discusses  history  and  present  condition,  reasons  for  non-improvement  by  private  enter- 
prise, question  of  extensions  and  improvements,  recommendations  as  to  improvement  and 
control. 

v.i 2.  Appendices  to  the  final  report  on  the  canals  and  inland  navigations  of  Ire- 
land. 37  p.  191 1. 

Exhaustive  study  of  the  waterways  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  of  considerable 
interest  even  though  not  dealing  directly  with  flood  prevention. 

French 
Dumas,  A. 

Crue  de  la  Seine,  de  Janvier  1910.  9,000  w.  4  diag.  2  dr.  19  ill. 
3  maps.  1910.  (In  Genie  civil,  v.56,  p.257.) 

Reviews  history  of  the  flood  and  gives  measurements  of  recent  and  former  floods. 

Dumas,  A. 

Effets  de  la  crue  de  la  Seine  du  28  Janvier  1910  dans  Paris  et  sa 
banlieue.  7,500  w.  5  diag.  4  dr.  10  ill.  2  maps.  1910.  (In  Genie  civil, 
v-56,  P-397-) 

Descriptive  article  dealing  with  temporary  and  permanent  effects. 

Dumas,  A. 

Rapport  de  la  commission  chargee  de  rechercher  les  causes  des  in- 
ondations  et  les  moyens  d'en  empecher  le  retour.  7,000  w.  2. diag. 
i  map.  1910.  (In  Genie  civil,  v.56,  p. 283.) 

Review  of  an  extensive  report,  embodying  20  questions  to  be  referred  to  experts, 
either  members  of  the  commission  or  sub-committees. 


14  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 

Engineering  features  of  the  recent  floods  in  Paris.  4,500  w.  i  diag. 
i  dr.  6  ill.  i  map.  1910.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.63,  p. 327.) 

Causes,  effects  and  descriptive  data. 

Editorial,   400  w.,  p-343- 

Floods  in  the  Seine.   3,500  w.    i  map.    1910.    (In  Engineering,  v.89,  p. 149.) 
Comparison    of    recent    and    former    floods.      Conditions    and    causes    of    flood    of 
Jan.    1910. 

Great  Paris  flood.  500  w.  14  ill.  1910.  (In  Scientific  American  sup- 
plement, v.6g,  p. 129.) 

Descriptive  article  reprinted  from  "New  York  Sun." 
Miller,  Warren  H. 

Fighting  the  Paris  flood.  2,900  w.  4  ill.  1910.  (In  Engineering 
record,  v.6i,  p. 240.) 

Description  of  the  flood  of  Jan.  1910,  the  most  destructive  in  the  history  of  Paris 
and  the  highest  since  1658.  Briefly  outlines  precautionary  measures  during  flood  stage. 

Moore,  Barrington. 

Checking  floods  in  the  French  Alps.  2,300  w.  9  ill.  1910.  (In 
American  forestry,  v.i6,  p. 199.) 

Describes  and  illustrates  work  of  barrage  construction  in  mountain  streams,  and  of 
gradual  reforestation  of  mountain  slopes. 

[Paris  flood.]     600  w.     1910.     (In  Engineering  news,  ¥.63,  p. 133.) 
Discussion  of  flood  of  Jan.   1910. 

Paris  floods  and  their  prevention.  400  w.  1910.  (In  Scientific  Amer- 
ican supplement,  v.69,  p. 217.) 

Popular   review   of  proposed   work. 

Proposed  structures  to  prevent  future  damage  from  floods  at  Paris. 
400  w.  1910.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.64,  p. 91.) 

Abstract  of  report  of  the  commission  of  engineers  appointed  following  the  flood 
of  Jan.  1910.  Proposes  a  thorough  study  of  entire  drainage  area  of  the  Seine;  treatment 
of  Seine  channel  and  banks  through  Paris;  raising  of  certain  quay  walls  two  feet  above 
flood  height  of  1910;  construction  of  sewer  valves;  thorough  waterproofing  of  subways; 
and  construction  of  by-pass  canal  to  carry  part  of  flood  water  around  the  city.  Re- 
forestation is  discussed  and  considered  advisable. 

Roberts,  Thomas  P. 

Floods  in  the  river  Seine;  remarks  on  proposed  means  to  mitigate 
flood  conditions  at  Paris.  20  p.  i  map.  1910.  (In  Proceedings  of  the 
Engineers'  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  v.26,  p. 25.) 

With  discussion. 

Considers  soil  conditions  and  other  features  of  the  Seine  basin,  giving  some  com- 
parison with  American  streams.  Offers  suggestions  for  ameliorating  flood  conditions, 
but  makes  no  definite  recommendations.  Mentions  raising  level  of  city,  deepening  and 
straightening  of  channel,  etc. 

Das  Seine-Hochwasser  in  Paris  vom  Janner  1910.  2,000  w.  2  diag. 
i  map.  2  tables.  1910.  (In  Zeitschrift  des  osterreichischen  ingenieur- 
und  architekten  vereins,  v.62,  p. 174.) 

Description  and  comparison  with  other  Seine  floods. 

Soper,  George  A. 

Water  supply,  sewerage  and  subways  of  Paris  in  relation  to  the 
present  floods.  6,000  w.  8  dr.  4  ill.  1910.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.63, 
p.144-) 

Considers  hydrology  of  the  Seine,  subterranean  structures,  population  and  city  plan, 
dual  water-supply,  sewers,  sewage  farms,  subways  and  danger  of  epidemic. 
Editorial,  600  w.,  p. 133. 


FLOODS  AND  FLOOD  PROTECTION  15 

German 
Beyerhaus,  Eduard. 

Der  Rhein  von  Strassburg  bis  zur  hollandischen  grenze  in  tech- 
nischer  und  wirthschaftlicher  beziehung.  128  p.  7  folding  pi.  1902. 

Describes  the  regulation  work  done  on  the  Rhine  and  the  various  harbors  estab- 
lished. Statistical  information  concerning  freight  handled,  number  of  vessels  employed, 
etc.  is  given,  together  with  a  discussion  of  the  influence  of  the  river  on  the  industrial 
life  of  the  district.  Numerous  maps  and  plans  are  included. 

Intze,  O. 

Talsperrenanlagen  in  Rheinland  und  Westfalen,  Schlesien  und 
Bohmen.  48  p.  4  dr.  13  ill.  [1904?] 

Pamphlet  describing  exhibit  of  Koniglich  preussischen  ministeriums  der  offentlichen 
arbeiten,  at  St.  Louis  Exposition,  1904.  Deals  with  work  since  1889. 

Keller,  Hermann,  ed. 

Memel-,  Pregel-  und  Weichselstrom;  ihre  stromgebiete  und  ihre 
wichtigsten  nebenfliisse;  eine  hydrographische,  wasserwirthschaftliche 
und  wasserrechtliche  darstellung;  im  auftrage  des  preussischen  wasser- 
ausschusses  hrsg.  6v.  1899.  Reimer. 

v.i.     Stromgebiete  und  gewasscr. 

v.2.     Memel-  und  Pregelstrom. 

v.3.     Weichselstrom  in  Schlesien  und  Polen. 

v.4.     Weichselstrom  in  Preussen. 

v.s.     Tabellenband. 

v.6.     Kartenbeilagen. 

Very  complete  study  of  physical  and  economic  conditions  in  the  drainage  basins  of 
these  rivers.  Statistical,  meteorological  and  hydrographic  data  are  tabulated  and  numer- 
ous large  hydrographic,  geological  and  economic  charts  are  included. 

Keller,  Hermann,  ed. 

Weser  und  Ems;  ihre  stromgebiete  und  ihre  wichtigsten  neben- 
fliisse; eine  hydrographische,  wasserwirthschaftliche  und  wasserrecht- 
liche darstellung;  im  auftrage  des  preussischen  wasser-ausschusses 
hrsg.  6v.  1901.  Reimer. 

.1.     Stromgebiete  und  gewasser. 

.2.     Quell-  und  nebenfliisse  der  Weser  (ohne  Aller). 

.3.     Die  Weser  von  Munden  bis  Geestemiinde. 

.4.     Die  Aller  und  die  Ems. 

.5.     Tabellenband. 
v.6.     Kartenbeilagen. 

Thorough  study  of  hydrographic  conditions  in  their  drainage  basins  and  of  their 
effect  on  the  industrial  development  of  the  region.  Statistical  data  of  a  hydrographic 
and  meteorological  nature  are  tabulated  and  good  geological  and  hydrographic  maps  and 
charts  are  included. 

General 
Davis,  Arthur  P. 

National  irrigation  and  flood  control.  i,6oow.  1908.  (In  Engi- 
neering record,  v.s8,  p-554.) 

By  chief  engineer  United  States  reclamation  service.  Gives  brief  data  on  27  pro- 
jects in  course  of  construction,  20  of  which  provide  flood  storage. 

Flamant,  and  others. 

Preservation  des  basses  regions  contre  l'envahissement  des  eaux. 
30  p.  1909.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  septembre- 
octobre  1909,  ser.8,  v.4i,  p.9i.) 

Report  at  Eleventh  International  Congress  of  Navigation,  St.  Petersburg,  1908. 
Discusses  at  some  length  the  reports  of  Kvassay  for  Austria-Hungary,  Ockerson  for  the 
United  States,  Trote  for  France,  Rytel  for  Russia  and  a  general  report  by  Golovnine. 


16  CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OE  PITTSBURGH 

Holliday,  Alex  R. 

Control  of  flood  water  at  a  small  reservoir.  600  vv.  2  dr.  1908.  (In 
Engineering  news,  v.6o,  p. 152.) 

Methods  applicable  to  diversion  of  storm  water  on  small  scale. 

La  Brosse,  R.  de. 

Dispositions  a  donner  aux  barrages  des  rivieres  a  grandes  variations 
de  debit  et  eventuellement  a  fort  charriage  de  glaces,  de  maniere  a 
menager  les  interets  de  la  navigation  et  de  1'industrie.  36  p.  1909.  (In 
Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  mai-juin  1909,  ser.8,  v.39, 
p.  1 29.) 

Report  at  Eleventh  International  Congress  of  Navigation  at  St.  Petersburg,  1908. 
Discusses  seven  reports  on  above  subject,  including  one  for  the  United  States  by  Mai. 
W.  L.  Sibert. 

Liability  of  city  confining  flood  waters  within  banks  of  stream.     150  w. 
1910.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.64,  p. 485.) 

Note  from  "Case  and  comment,"  Oct.  1910.  Recent  Iowa  decision  (Walters  v. 
Marshalltown,  120  N.  W.  1046)  holding  that  a  municipality  having  raised  a  street  grade 
so  as  to  confine  flood  water  of  a  stream  to  the  channel,  is  not  liable  for  damage  thereby 
inflicted  upon  lower  riparian  property. 


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